孪井灌区包气带水分运移的数值模拟

为防止盆地低洼处出现盐渍化、节约水资源,用数值模拟和田间中子仪试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古孪井灌区包气带的水分运移规律.数学模拟结果与田间实测土壤含水率吻合良好.在此基础上模拟计算出漫灌与喷灌条件下不同灌溉量和不同蒸发量对水分运移的影响以及水分随时间在深度上的分布情况,结果表明1200m/hm2喷灌定额下得农田水分无效消耗最小,从而得出节水高产的喷灌灌溉模式.     

有机农业发展现状及其研究趋向

简析了世界主要国家有机农业产生的背景和发展现状,并提出我国有机农业的主要研究方向,即有机农业与有机农产品的标准制定和认证;有机农业生产关键技术体系、管理体系、农产品服务体系的构建和集成;有机农业生产生态经济评价体系的构建和实施。     

基于GIS的农业景观格局变化研究——以福建省漳浦县马坪镇为例

应用GIS技术研究农业景观格局变化结果表明,福建省漳浦县马坪镇整体景观多样性指数降低,优势度指数和均匀度指数增加。景观类型变化显示生活和生产类景观不断增多,破碎化程度不断加大,而生态防护类景观不断减少,优势度指数下降,这种景观格局的变化与区域农业发展实际相吻合。     

陇东黄土高原冬小麦生长势及生长状况评定体系的建立

以陇东黄土高原有代表性的董志塬上的冬小麦为研究对象,以叶面积与植株高度之积表示停止生长期、拔节期、乳熟期等几个关键发育期的生长势。以生长势为量化指标,建立了冬小麦生长状况评定体系,并通过分析发现,停止生长期生长势和气象要素相关不显著;拔节期生长势和返青期-拔节期降水量相关显著,并和该时段≥0℃积温、光照时数呈显著负相关;而乳熟期生长势则和拔节期-乳熟期光照时数相关性达到极显著程度。     

水资源系统生态风险的分析与评价——以香日德绿洲地区为例

 水资源系统的风险分析与评价,是水资源可持续利用的关键问题,而对内陆河流域绿洲地区的水资源系统所面临的各种风险进行评价分析,成为研究的热点。以青海省香日德绿洲地区水资源系统为研究对象,建立该地区由水资源径流量的不确定性所造成的风险评价的2个模型,定量分析水资源的不确定性以及这种不确定性对绿洲主要用水行业(农业,防护林网)的风险影响。实例的计算结果表明:香日德绿洲地区的水资源径流量的不确定性造成的风险指标为0.362;对防护林网不完整造成的风险是0.289,而受水资源及防护林共同影响的农业结构存在的风险为0.294,水资源系统的整体生态风险为0.2925。     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

基于WebGIS的橡胶气象灾害信息管理系统研建

本研究以WebGIS技术为基础,结合JAVA Applet等技术,研发了基于WebGIS的橡胶气象灾害信息管理系统,为简化海南橡胶气象灾害信息的管理,有效进行橡胶气象灾害监测、预报以及灾后评估提供一个切实有效的途径。     

基于拟脑智能系统的烤烟烟叶分级研究

对烟叶进行检测与分级是控制烟叶质量的重要手段之一.研究烟叶质量的合理表征参数及其自动提取方法,以及烟叶辅助分级系统,是迫切需要解决的问题.应用人工智能方法和计算机技术进行烤烟烟叶自动分级,提出一种借鉴生物脑信息处理结构的烤烟烟叶智能分级系统.该系统由思维模型、感觉模型和行为模型3个子系统构成,分别模拟分级专家的思维智能、感知智能和行为智能,具有学习与记忆、判断与模糊推理、分级决策等多种思维功能,以及图像自动采集、上下位机通信等协调与控制功能.应用该系统进行烟叶分级试验的结果与分级专家分级结果的平均一致率可达到85%,与人工分级水平相当.     

干旱状况下小区域灌溉冬小麦农田生态系统水热传输

该文采用涡度相关技术测定小区域灌溉冬小麦农田实际蒸散量和农田能量平衡各分量,分析表征农田地表获取能量再分配经典参数Priestly-Taylor系数（α=LE/LEeq）的变化特征。结果表明,在华北地区冬小麦返青至成熟期内,日变化过程中白天时间段内, Priestley-Taylor系数呈“U”型变化趋势,7︰00～18︰00 时刻内,α平均值为（1.324±0.334）,正午前后保持在1.05～1.17之间。 在冬小麦生育期季节变化过程中,Priestley-Taylor系数（α）平均值为（1.473±0.454）,远高于在湿润下垫面时（α＝1.26）的数值,在抽穗开花期内土壤水分充足时α最大值为2.317,拔节时期土壤水分胁迫时α值为0.410。干旱少雨状况下,进行小面积充分灌溉时,由于存在农田热平流现象将导致过多的蒸发蒸腾水分耗散,降低农田灌溉水的利用效率。