外加盐对凉粉草胶溶液的耐盐性和分子链刚性度的影响

在有盐环境下贮藏和加工凉粉草胶必须了解其多糖分子对盐的敏感性,该文绘制了凉粉草胶多糖在不同离子强度NaCl、KCl、MgCl₂和CaCl₂溶液中的Huggins'图,分别计算其分子链在这4种离子溶液中的耐盐度S、链刚性度B等值,结果发现：凉粉草胶多糖在4种离子溶液中,其耐盐性由强到弱的顺序为:K⁺>Na⁺>Mg⁺⁺>Ca⁺⁺,其分子链的构象在4种离子溶液中由柔到刚的顺序为:K⁺>Na⁺>Mg⁺⁺>Ca⁺⁺,这说明凉粉草胶多糖适合在KCl溶液中贮藏和加工。与其他多糖分子链在NaCl溶液中的B值比较后发现,凉粉草胶多糖的分子链构象较海藻酸钠要刚,较黄原胶要柔,这说明凉粉草胶比黄原胶更适合在NaCl溶液中贮藏和加工。     

基于键合图理论的动力稳定装置轮轨间动态特性分析

考虑动力稳定装置的轮轨非线性接触、轮轨间的间隙传动、夹钳油缸和水平油缸的等效刚度建立了动力稳定装置动态特性键合图模型.使用分段函数表达式实现了轮轨间的间隙传动.针对不同夹持力对于能量的传递效率与作业效果进行了深入分析与探究,确定了所需最小的水平油缸的推力.     

An in vitro biomechanical comparison of the breaking strength and stiffness of polydioxanone (sizes 2, 7) and polyglactin 910 (sizes 3, 6) in the equine linea alba

OBJECTIVE: To determine failure strength, stiffness, and failure mode of 4 suture materials in equine linea alba. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized complete block design. SAMPLE POPULATION: Linea albas collected from 12 adult horses (mean weight, 475 kg; mean age, 10 years). METHODS: The ventral abdominal fascia, including the linea alba, was collected and bisected along the linea alba into right and left halves. Each half was divided into four, 5-cm sections extending from the umbilicus cranially, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 suture materials: 2 polydioxanone (2 PD), 3 polyglactin 910 (3 PG), 6 polyglactin 910 (6 PG), and 7 polydioxanone (7 PD). A single cycle to failure test was performed on each specimen at a distraction rate of 100 mm/min. Differences in failure strength and stiffness for the materials were evaluated using a mixed linear model with significance set at P<.05. RESULTS: In 94 of 96 test sections, constructs failed by suture failure. There were significant differences in failure strength (P<.0001) and stiffness (P<.001) among the suture/tissue constructs. 7 PD had the highest breaking strength (316.8 N) followed by 6 PG (281.3 N), 3 PG (229.9 N), and 2 PD (193.0 N). Six PG had the largest stiffness (14 N/mm) followed by 3 PG (12.7 N/mm), 7 PD (10.1 N/mm), and 2 PD (7.2 N/mm). Suture breaking strength and stiffness were not affected by linea or fascia thickness, individual horse, half of the linea alba, or abdominal wall position. Eighty-five (90.4%) suture loops failed adjacent the knot. CONCLUSIONS: When tested in single cycle to failure, suture material was more likely to fail than the linea alba. Larger suture materials had higher breaking strengths than smaller suture materials and stiffness was also affected by suture material and size. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Given its high initial breaking strength and its relatively longer in vivo strength retention, 7 PD seems an appropriate choice of suture material for closure of the equine linea alba when maximal short-term failure strength is desired.     

Experiments on heat loss characteristics in a fully opened cylindrical cavity receiver

The climate has a great impact on highway bridge rubber bearings than on building rubber bearings. In order to study the change of the mechanical properties during the life of the plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge under freeze-thaw cycle condition, the plain chloroprene rubber bearings were processed 25, 50, 75, 100 times by freeze-thaw cycle in the standard freeze-thaw chamber, then the axial compression tests were carried. The changes of the performance indicators in the bearing capacity , the ultimate compressive strength, vertical stiffness, elastic modulus under different freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed comparatively. The results show that the plain chloroprene rubber bearings are more prone to brittle failure after the freeze-thaw cycle, and the failure phenomena of steel plate exposing or cracks is more serious than the phenomena of the standard specimen. With the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycle, the ultimate bearing capacity, ultimate compressive strength and compressive elastic modulus of the plain chloroprene rubber bearings decrease. The attenuation formula and decay curve in 50 years of ultimate compressive strength and elastic modulus of compression are analyzed by least square method, the trends of change are both in line with the exponential function. The mechanical properties of plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge significantly decreased under freeze-thaw cycle condition. therefore, the temperature ranges of plain chloroprene rubber bearings of highway bridge should be strictly controlled, and some suggestions, such as increasing its minimum applicable temperature, usng the natural rubber bearings as much as possible in cold regions, have been given.     

Solving Method for Soil Spring Stiffness of Shallow Shield Tunneling

Based on complex variable theory in plane elasticity, the equivalent spring stiffness is derived from the analytical solution by means of simplifying shallow shield tunneling to semi-infinite plane with hole, which is applied to response displacement method. The performances of the analytical solution are evaluated and compared with that of the deep shield tunneling through a series of selected various tunnel depths and soil Poisson's ratios. The relation of compression and shear spring stiffness is discussed. Meanwhile, two factors affected soil spring stiffness, tunnel depth and soil Poisson's ratio, are also analyzed. It is shown that soil spring stiffness of shallow shield tunneling is different from that of deep shield tunneling, and the ratio of compression and shear spring stiffness varies along shallow shield tunneling. It is also found that the value and distribution law of soil spring stiffness of shallow shield tunneling greatly depend on tunnel depth and soil Poisson's ratio.     

Stiffness moduli of various softwood and hardwood species determined with ultrasound

Abstract

Comprehensive data sets of the elastic constants are available for only a few European wood species. The goal of this study was to provide stiffnesses for the principal directions and planes for further selected European softwoods and hardwoods, to extend the currently existing data sets. For this purpose, a dynamic technique was chosen: the moduli were estimated on the basis of sound velocity and density measurements. The collected data may be helpful for specialists in the relevant research and practical fields, particularly when stresses and strains of structural elements have to be calculated using modelling approaches.     

竹缠绕复合管环刚度测试试验

测试了竹缠绕复合管母管的环刚度值,与母管承插连接后的环刚度值,以及母管与束节连接后的环刚度值。结果表明：DN 600管承插连接后的环刚度值为承口和插口环刚度值之和的97.3%;DN 600和DN 1 000管束节连接后环刚度值分别为束节和母管环刚度值之和的116%和107%。试验结果可为优化竹缠绕复合管的连接结构提供参考。     

光滑双向渐进结构优化法拓扑优化连续体结构频率和动刚度

针对双向渐进结构优化(bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization, BESO)方法的单元过删除问题,提出了光滑双向渐进结构优化(smooth bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization, SBESO)方法,通过引入权重函数更新单元的质量与刚度矩阵,控制单元删除率以使低效单元逐渐从设计域中删除。以连续体结构固有频率最大化为目标,提出了一种基于SBESO的频率优化方法,对比分析了常函数、线性函数和正弦函数等不同权重函数对连续体结构优化的影响。将等效静载荷(equivalentstatic loads,ESL)方法与SBESO方法相融合,提出了动载荷作用下连续体结构的动刚度优化方法。数值算例表明,SBESO方法通过调节单元删除率和权重函数,控制低效单元在结构设计域中逐渐被删除,有效抑制了单元的过删除问题。采用线性和正弦权重函数,更有利于获得连续体结构的频率最优拓扑解。随单元删除率的减少,动刚度最优拓扑解的结构边界逐渐光滑,而且逼近于同一构形。由此,所提出的SBESO方法完善了BESO方法的优化准则,对于解决连续体结构动力学优化设计问题具有较为重要的理论意义。     

混合阻塞变刚度软手指设计与实验

为了解决单一阻塞介质变刚度软机械手抓取复杂外形物体效果不佳的问题,受人体手指结构启发,设计了一种仿指腹结构的混合阻塞变刚度软手指。将其设计为双层结构,外层为气动驱动器,内层为基于主动层干扰与被动颗粒阻塞的混合阻塞变刚度层,使得软手指自动贴合被抓取对象,实现主动驱动的被动适应,并通过调整刚度实现可靠抓取。基于传统缝纫工艺,采用超弹性硅胶材料制造软手指。采用Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和虚功原理,建立了基于悬臂梁结构下的多材料软手指的刚度控制模型,并据此提出增大整体刚度的材料筛选方法。弯曲特性实验表明软手指的弯曲性能优异。变刚度和抓取实验结果表明,混合阻塞软手指刚度增大4.6倍,建立的刚度模型最大相对误差为3.4%;在抓取对象表面粗糙度增大的条件下,软手指拉脱力仍增大17%,达到1.7N;相较于单阻塞介质软手指,抓取成功率和承载能力均得到显著提高。