檀香实生苗繁育与伴生植物配置关键技术试验

以檀香种子为材料,研究了不同浓度赤霉素、播种基质以及伴生树种对幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:采用1 000 mg/L赤霉素处理种子24h可促进种子发芽,发芽率达85%以上;以砂壤土+竹炭粉为播种基质出苗率最高;利用抛荒龙眼地并以龙眼树作为檀香成林期伴生植物对檀香生长具有促进作用,栽培12个月时测定,檀香树高、地径分别达172.3cm和2.48cm,为抛荒龙眼地重新利用提供新的思路。     

基于高速摄像的玉米种子滚动摩擦特性试验与仿真

玉米种子的滚动摩擦系数是排种器设计计算和仿真分析的重要依据,但其测量目前尚无成熟的理论与方法。该文基于能量守恒原理,借助高速摄像技术对玉米种子与有机玻璃、镀锌钢板以及玉米种子间的滚动摩擦特性进行了试验研究,得到玉米种子与有机玻璃、镀锌铁板以及玉米种子间的滚动摩擦系数分别为0.0931、0.0531和0.0782。通过玉米种子休止角试验和离散元分析软件EDEM仿真结果的对比,对所得试验数据进行了验证,结果表明所得数据准确性较高,可为排种器的设计计算与仿真分析提供理论依据。     

Studies on the effect of humic acid on availability of phosphorus

It is believed that some organic compounds form complexes with iron and aluminum and prevent the fixation of phosphate applied to soils.     

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.     

Effect of fungicide thiram on microbial communities of rice seed surface estimated by culture-dependent and culture-independent (PCR-RFLP) methods

Coating of rice seeds with fungicide Thiram improved the seed germination capability over a long period of time (11 weeks) under low temperature conditions (4 and 8°C), which simulated the sowing of rice seeds in the winter season (the farmer's slack season). To analyze the effect of Thiram on the community structure of microorganisms on the rice seed surface, culture-dependent and culture-independent (PCR-RFLP) methods were applied. PCR-RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA showed that the bacterial communities on the rice seed surface were different between coated and uncoated treatments under 8°C conditions, but that they were very similar under 4°C conditions. PCR-RFLP patterns of 18S rDNA revealed the remarkable effect of Thiram on the fungal community structure under both 4 and 8°C conditions. Although the fungal communities were quite different between coated and uncoated seeds at the beginning of incubation, the fungal communities on the coated seed surface became similar to those of uncoated seeds along with the duration of the incubation period. As the dominance percentage of Fusarium spp. among the isolates increased with the duration of the incubation period for both coated and uncoated seeds, Fusarium was considered to be a responsible for the poor germination of rice seeds that were sown in the winter season.     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.     

基于无人机和卫星遥感影像的制种玉米田识别纹理特征尺度优选

制种玉米田在高空间分辨率遥感影像上呈现的明显条带状纹理,是有效区分光谱值相近的大田玉米和制种玉米的重要信息.该文在新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县玉米种植区以高空间分辨率的无人机遥感影像为数据源,针对制种玉米识别的纹理特征计算尺度问题,首先采用最近邻内插法对制种玉米和大田玉米样本田块的无人机影像进行重采样,得到不同分辨率的样本;然后用融合Uniform-LBP(local binary pattern)和GLCM(gray level co-occurrence matrix)方法得到提取玉米田块纹理特征合理GLCM参数,其中方向参数为0°、45°、90°和135°这4个方向上的纹理特征值的平均值、距离为5~7像元、灰度级为8;通过多尺度对比分析,得到最适宜区分制种玉米与大田玉米的纹理辨率为0.6~0.9m.最后采用奇台县的0.7m分辨率的Kompsat-3遥感影像进行验证,在多时相EVI(enhanced vegetation index)光谱信息识别玉米的基础上,利用本文确定的纹理分析方法,通过决策树建立规则识别制种玉米,识别精度达90.9%.通过该文的研究,可为高空间分辨率遥感制种玉米田监管提供支撑.     

马铃薯精密播种机智能控制系统设计

针对现有马铃薯播种机播种株距控制精准度不高、易产生重种漏种等问题,研发了一种由主控制模块、检测模块、株距控制模块和振动强度控制模块等7个模块组成的马铃薯精密播种机智能控制系统,采用液压马达控制薯种输送带运转,步进电机控制薯种输送带的振动强度,实现了播种株距和重种漏种率的自动控制.试验结果表明,播种速度相同时,实际播种株距相对于设定播种株距的平均偏差依次增大,播种速度越高实际播种株距的稳定性越差;薯种输送带振动强度越强,重种率越低,漏种率越高,各因素对重种漏种率影响的主次顺序为:薯种输送带振动强度＞播种速度＞薯种质量,且薯种输送带振动强度对重种率、薯种输送带振动强度和播种速度对漏种率有显著影响;较佳的播种作业参数为:薯种输送带振动强度为Ⅱ级(即轻微振动时)、播种速度为1.16 m/s及薯种质量为35 g.经2～3个周期即可调整到允许范围内,且稳定性好.因此,完全能够满足种植户的实际播种作业要求,为智能控制马铃薯精密播种装备的后续研发提供参考.     

巨菌草种茎辊式排种器结构优化及排种动力学仿真与试验

针对目前巨菌草种植机普遍存在的重、漏播率高、人工劳动强度大、种茎易破损等问题,该文设计了一种槽型辊式排种器。先分析排种过程中的种茎受力状态,推导出种茎的受力角为目标值的函数,确定送种辊入种槽长宽尺寸为20 mm×20 mm;其次,采用弹性垫料改善送种辊排种进程,基于受力角为目标的函数,优化求解得到垫料侧边垫料厚4 mm、底部垫料厚8 mm;最后采用虚拟样机软件ADAMS建立了种茎排种动力学模型,对其排种过程进行仿真,并在此基础上进行了实验室台架试验和田间排种试验。台架试验表明,排种器实现种茎有序地排种,垫料有效地提高排种流畅度;田间试验过程中排种作业稳定,排种合格率均值为93.33%,排种间距变异指数均值为13.63%,平均漏排和重排指数均值为4.1%和2.5%,各项指标均符合巨菌草种植要求。该研究可为同类排种器和巨菌草种植机的研制提供参考。     

基于近红外高光谱成像技术鉴别杂交稻品系

种子的筛选和鉴别是农业育种过程中的关键环节。该文基于近红外高光谱成像技术(874~1 734 nm)结合化学计量学方法以及图像处理技术实现杂交稻种的品系鉴别及可视化预测。采集了3类不同品系共2 700粒杂交水稻的高光谱图像,用SPXY算法,按照2∶1的比例划分建模集和预测集。基于水稻样本的光谱特征,采用主成分分析(PCA)方法初步探究3类样本的可分性。采用连续投影算法(SPA),提取出7个特征波长:985.08、1 106、1 203.55、1 399.04、1 463.19、1 601.81、1 645.82 nm。基于特征波长和全波段光谱,建立了偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和支持向量机(SVM)模型。试验结果表明,所建模型判别效果较好,识别正确率均达到了90%以上,其中,SVM模型的判别效果优于PLS-DA模型,基于全谱的判别分析模型结果优于基于特征波长的判别模型。结合SPA-SVM校正模型和图像处理技术,生成样本预测伪彩图,可以直观的鉴别不同品系的水稻种子。结果表明,近红外高光谱成像技术可以实现杂交稻的品系识别及可视化预测,为农业育种过程中种子的快速筛选及鉴定提供了新思路。