Response of broiler chicks to non-steam- or steam-pelleted diets containing raw,full-fat soybean meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of steam pelleting of diets containing graded levels of raw, full-fat soybean meal (RSBM) on the chemical properties and feeding values of the diets. Samples of diets with steam- or non-steam-pelleted as well as the mash containing varying levels of RSBM were subjected to detailed chemical analysis. As a result of this study, trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrations in the diets ranged between 4,153 and 10,484 TIU/g. Amino acid concentrations were higher in the non-steam-pelleted and mash diets than the steam-pelleted diets. A 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (RSBM: zero, 10, 20 or 30%, equivalent to zero, 30, 60, and 90 g/kg of diet, respectively, and non-steam- or steam-pelleted diets) was used while feeding broiler chicks (zero to 14 d of age). Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 8 birds per replicate. As a result of this study, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in mortality of birds among the groups. Feed intake (FI) (P < 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.001) decreased with increasing levels of RSBM. Birds fed on steam-pelleted diets gained less (P < 0.001) weight than birds on the non-steam-pelleted diets, but the FI was not significantly (P > 0.05) different. The FCR was negatively affected (P < 0.05) by increasing levels of RSBM. There was no interaction effect between RSBM and pelleting method on the FI, BWG, or FCR of birds. The weight of the pancreas (P < 0.001) and duodenum (P < 0.01) increased with a rise in the level of RSBM in diets. Non-steam pelleting increased (P < 0.05) the pancreatic protein content, whereas the activity of chymotrypsin was reduced (P < 0.01) when the RSBM level was increased. Birds fed with RSBM-free diets had thicker muscle, longer villi, wider villus surface area, and higher villus to crypt depth ratios than birds on the other diets, but these differences were not significant. It can be concluded that steam pelleting of diets containing RSBM is inadequate to reduce the adverse impact of TI on chicks.     

旱金莲花挥发油的提取及卷烟加香

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法提取旱金莲花挥发油,运用GC/MS分析挥发油的成分,根据内标法计算其含量,并进行卷烟加香试验.结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏法和同时蒸馏萃取法提取挥发油的得率分别为0.124%(1号)、0.517%(2号);检测到的化学组分分别为26、67种,其中有22种在2种方法提取的挥发油中均存在,主要是...     

甘薯变温压差膨化干燥影响因素研究

采用变温压差膨化干燥技术,研究了切片厚度、膨化温度、抽空时间、抽空温度、停滞时间和压力差等因素对膨化甘薯脆片的含水率、硬度、色泽和复水比的影响。结果表明,甘薯膨化的最佳厚度为3mm,膨化温度、抽空温度和抽空时间是影响其膨化品质的关键因素,停滞时间和压力差在一定范围内对膨化产品的品质影响不大,并可确定其最佳工艺条件为:膨化温度110℃,抽空温度100℃,抽空时间2h,膨化压力差为0.3MPa,停滞时间为10min。     

高温蒸汽松木颗粒富氢气化试验

采用自制下吸式气化炉试验系统平台,以松木颗粒为原料,进行不同蒸汽流量及气化温度条件下的高温蒸汽气化试验。试验表明:随着气化温度升高,气化反应程度加剧,碳氢化合物与高温蒸汽的重整反应亦更剧烈。气化气中H2体积分数从气化温度为700℃时的23.38%升高到950℃时的44.79%,提高了近一倍,但由于CO和蒸汽的变换反应在900℃后受到抑制,H2体积分数略微下降,CO随温度升高先减少后增加,CO2呈缓慢减少趋势;蒸汽流量是高温蒸汽气化技术重要影响指标,在气化温度为850~950℃范围内,蒸汽流量由0.3增加到0.9 kg/h时,气化气中H2体积分数由37.06%增长到47.67%,CO变化较为稳定,CO2的含量先降低后上升,CnHm的体积分数呈下降趋势,气化气产率和氢气产率均随蒸汽流量的增加先增大后减小;特别是当蒸汽流量为0.6 kg/h,气化温度为900℃时,气化气产率和氢气产率分别为2.69 m3/kg和101.8 g/kg,达到试验工况条件下的最大值,此时反应加入的蒸汽量与生物质量的比值约为0.95,为试验较佳工况。     

A simple method for determination of ammonium in semimicro‐Kjeldahl analysis of soils and plant materials using a block digester

Abstract

A simple method for determination of ammonium in semimicro‐Kjeldahl analysis of soils and plant materials using a Tecator or Technicon 40‐tube block digester is described. It involves use of an inexpensive steam distillation apparatus that permits direct distillation of ammonium from the tubes used for Kjeldahl digestion in 40‐tube block digesters. The method is rapid and precise, and it gives results that agree closely with those obtained by the customary method of ammonium N analysis involving transfer of the Kjeldahl digest before distillation.     

预处理对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响

通过对黑毛豆仁的水分含量、硬度、脆度、花色苷含量以及色泽等指标的测定,研究烫漂、冷冻、NaCl浸渍以及辐照4种不同的预处理方式对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响。结果表明,适度的烫漂预处理可以钝化过氧化物酶,减少豆腥味的产生,降低膨化产品的水分含量,有利于保持产品色泽;冷冻预处理可使膨化产品的硬度降低,酥脆性提高...     

水溶性酚醛树脂游离苯酚水蒸汽蒸馏测定方法的研究

本文研究了用水蒸汽蒸馏法测定水溶性酚醛树脂中的游离苯酚,酸碱度、游离甲醛和树脂对苯酚蒸出率的影响。实验结果表明,我国林业部部标准和苏联国家标准,即在碱性和强酸条件下对水溶性酚醛树脂试液进行水蒸汽蒸馏,苯酚蒸出率低,游离苯酚测定结果偏低。树脂试液的最佳水蒸汽蒸馏条件是:试液体积控制在150—200ml,试液的pH=4.0—5.0。     

添加剂对汽爆玉米秸秆养分和发酵特性的影响

为解决饲料短缺问题,提高收获籽实后玉米秸秆的利用效率。本试验以经汽爆处理的玉米秸秆进行厌氧发酵,设对照（CK）、分别添加乳酸菌制剂Sila-Max（MAX）,Sila-Mix（MIX）及纤维活性菌（活性菌）4个处理,发酵60 d后测定营养成分及发酵品质。结果表明：不同处理间常规营养成分无显著差异;康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系（Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System,CNCPS）评价结果表明,活性菌组乳酸、MAX组总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）;从发酵品质来看,活性菌组pH、NH₃-N/TN显著低于其他处理（P<0.05）,乳酸显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）,MAX组乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）,MAX,MIX组干物质损失率显著低于其他处理组（P<0.05）。综上,纤维活性菌可以改善秸秆发酵品质;Sila-Max可以增加乙酸、丙酸含量,减少干物质损失,具有提高秸秆有氧稳定性、抑制饲料二次发酵的潜力;Sila-Mix可以减少秸秆干物质损失。     

Original Papers: Manganese toxicity of melon plants growing on an isolated soil bed after steam sterilization

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 257–263, 2006)

The symptom of blighted leaves was observed for the melon plants grown on an isolated soil bed after steam sterilization (SS) in a greenhouse in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. To clarify the causes of this symptom, soil and plant analyses were conducted in the first experiment. Manganese concentrations in the leaves with the symptom were higher than 1,000 mg kg?1and exchangeable Mn in the soil was higher than 30 mg kg?1, which indicated the observed symptom was due to Mn excess. In the second experiment, formation of Mn oxide-dissolving substances after SS was examined for several organic amendments, because large amounts of palm chips had been supplied to the soil before SS in the first experiment. As a treatment similar to SS, palm chips, bark compost, and cattle feces manure were autoclaved. The water extracts were collected before and after the autoclave treatment and the Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the extracts were evaluated. The Mn oxide-dissolving capacity of the water extracts after SS was remarkably higher than before SS, and the value was highest in palm chips, and followed by bark compost, and cattle feces manure. Fractionation and HPLC analysis of the water extracts after SS revealed that the main substance behind Mn oxide reduction in palm tips was arabinose and that in bark manure was malic acid. Further, Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the water extracts were almost completely explained by the amounts of arabinose or malic acid found in these materials. From these results, it was considered that reducing substances such as arabinose were released by SS from the palm chips which had been applied in large quantity before SS and these reducing substances dissolved the soil Mn oxides and increased the amounts of available Mn, which led to the occurrence of Mn toxicity to the plants.     

植物秸秆纤维素物理化学改性及其吸附机理研究

采用植物秸秆为原料,借助高压蒸汽闪爆技术、稀碱蒸煮等方法得到具有一定α-纤维素含量的秸秆基纤维素,在此基础上进行碱化、醚化和胺基亲核取代反应,制备出对Cu^2＋和Cd^2＋等重金属离子具有优良吸附性能的乙二胺螯合植物秸秆纤维素,并对其吸附机理进行研究。结果表明,用蒸汽闪爆物理方法可以纯化天然植物秸秆纤维素,制备的吸附材料对金属铜离子、镉离子吸附规律基本符合Freundlish等温吸附式,其等温式中lgC系数分别为0.997和1.159。