Effect of steam pretreatment on wood moisture content and characteristics of vacuum drying

The effects of high temperature steam pretreatment on the change in wood moisture content (MC) and characteristics of vacuum drying were investigated in this study. Poplar and manchurian walnut woods were pretreated with high temperature steam at 100°C and 140°C, prior to vacuum drying. A comparison of the characteristics of vacuum drying between steam pretreated wood and untreated wood was carried out. The results show that during steam pretreatment, the MC of wood decreased within a few hours. The reduction of MC varied with the temperature; the higher the temperature, the faster the MC dropped. During the vacuum drying stage, the rates of drying of pretreated samples were higher than those of untreated samples when MC was below the fiber saturation point. Furthermore, the total drying time of samples treated at a steam temperature of 140°C was lower than that of untreated samples. Therefore, a vacuum procedure after steam pretreatment can effectively shorten the drying time when drying wood.     

热风联合压差膨化干燥对苏99-8毛豆仁风味和品质的影响

使用固相微萃取(HS/SPME)-气质联用(GC/MS)技术对苏99-8毛豆仁鲜样和热风干燥毛豆仁挥发性成分进行分析,同时对2种干燥产品的感官品质、营养成分含量和质构特性进行比较。结果表明,在毛豆仁鲜样、热风干燥和热风联合压差膨化干燥制备的毛豆仁产品中分别检测出32、31、35种风味成分。鲜样中(Z)-3-己烯醇、正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-辛烯-3酮和1-戊烯-3酮对其风味相对贡献较大。热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁醛类化合物明显增多,出现了杂环类、酯类、酸类及含硫化合物,2-庚烯醛、正己醛、正戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-辛烯醇、1-辛烯-3酮、乙酸异丙烯酯、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和2,6-二甲基吡嗪、二甲基亚砜对热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁风味贡献较大,使毛豆具有较浓的豆类清香味和浓厚的焙烤香气,造就了热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁脆粒的独特风味。热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁的感官品质和质构特性明显优于热风干燥毛豆仁。     

地瓜干加工创新工艺研究

针对地瓜干传统加工法存在高硫(>1000mg·kg-1)、高糖(总糖含量60%-70%)、高杂菌、低水分(≤15%)的严重问题,研究出了无硫护色剂、臭氧灭菌、微波-蒸汽协同杀菌等先进技术和设备,应用到地瓜干加工中,生产出低硫(<10mg·kg-1)、低糖(总糖含量为40%左右)、低杂菌(低于商业标准)、高水分(水分大于20%)的地瓜干产品。规模生产实践表明,本工艺安全可靠,操作简便,易于实现生产自动化;产品安全卫生,口感好,色泽佳,已畅销日本、韩国、美国等市场。     

水中爆破对海洋生物及海洋环境的影响研究

本文主要根据１９８３年６月在莱州湾现场模拟水中爆破勘探石油对水产资源的影响实验，分别实验了爆破所产生的声压波对鱼、虾、蟹、贝类和浮游生物的影响，采集并分析了爆炸前后的海水样品。由实验结果得出，水中爆破对海水水质的影响主要因素是：悬浮物、无机氮等。水中爆破所产生的声压波对海洋生物有一定的致死作用，但致死范围不大，而对水产资源的幼体和浮游生物伤害较大。     

气流膨化对苦荞全麦茶品质的影响

以苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)米为原料,在0.4～0.8 MPa气压下进行气流膨化,制得苦荞全麦茶样品.通过对比不同样品的感官评价得分、复水率、总黄酮含量、芦丁含量和槲皮素含量,分析气流膨化生产苦荞全麦茶的最好气压条件.结果表明,在0.6 MPa气压下苦荞全麦茶感官评价得分为81.10分、复水率为110.61％、槲皮素含量为0.91％,均为所测定的最高值,其中总黄酮含量为1.46％(干基,以芦丁计)和芦丁含量为0.73％,都处于较高水平;在0.6 MPa气压条件下气流膨化生产苦荞全麦茶综合品质最好.     

一种用水蒸气活化法制活性炭的立式活化炉设计

为了开发新型高效的水蒸气活化法制活性炭的活化设备,选择高铝耐火砖和耐高温、耐腐蚀的310S不锈钢为主要材料,设计一种机械自动匀速加料和出料的立式活化炉,在该活化炉的活化段四周设置冷炉预热用燃气烧嘴,在活化炉中安装多层活化圆盘和刮料耙叶,在活化圆盘上设置环形蒸汽管,并在蒸汽管上均匀开设小孔,使水蒸气与炭料均匀接触,利用活化炉的高温预热水蒸气,确保水蒸气与炭料的活化反应均匀高效。该活化炉具有占地面积小、自动连续加料和出料、活化产量较高的优点。     

玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化

为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。     

超临界和水蒸气提取高良姜精油及纯露的成分研究

以高良姜为原料,采用超临界CO₂提取技术和水蒸气提取技术提取高良姜精油和纯露,分析比较精油和纯露的提取率及外观颜色,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对精油和纯露进行成分分析。结果表明,超临界CO₂提取技术提取的精油和纯露提取率均高于水蒸气技术提取的提取率,纯露外观颜色无差异;两种方法提取的精油和纯露在化学成分种类和相对含量上有差异,超临界CO₂提取技术提取鉴定出高良姜精油成分35种,纯露成分20种,水蒸气提取鉴定精油成分29种,纯露成分19种;1,8-桉叶素在超临界CO₂提取的精油相对含量为15.49%,在水蒸气提取的精油相对含量中为10.61%;超临界CO₂提取纯露含量最高的为柠檬烯,相对含量为68.50%;水蒸气提取纯露含量最高的为1,8-桉叶素,相对含量为31.83%。实验结果可为高良姜精油和纯露的提取提供理论依据。     

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

Effects of superheated steam processing on common buckwheat grains: Lipase inactivation and its association with lipidomics profile during storage

Superheated steam (SS) at 170 °C for 5 min was used to inactivate lipase of common buckwheat grains in this study, which effectively retarded lipid hydrolytic rancidity and maintained lipid nutrition of common buckwheat. Higher stabilities based on lower free fatty acid accumulation and lipase activity were observed in SS-treated buckwheat samples during storage. Meanwhile, SS could suppress oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in buckwheat, significantly retard the increase of saturated fatty acids and the decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage. Moreover, the lipidomics profile results indicated that SS processing could retard the increased hydrolysis and oxidation of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid during storage, while regulate the content of galactolipids. Thus, SS processing could effectively inactivate lipase, suppress UFA oxidation, change glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids subclass metabolism, and consequently retard hydrolytic rancidity and the loss of lipid nutrition in buckwheat during storage. SS processing was proved to effectively protect the quality of buckwheat during storage for the first time.