Properties and metabolic diversity of microbial communities in soils treated with steam sterilization compared with methyl bromide and chloropicrin fumigations

The effects of steam sterilization (SS) on soil microbial properties including metabolic diversity of the microbial communities were examined in a greenhouse compared with those of two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP). The numbers of fungi decreased in all the treatments. Nitrifiers, both ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were severely affected by the SS and CP treatments, resulting in their virtual disappearance. The decrease in the levels of microbial biomass C and N after the treatments suggested that the SS and CP treatments eradicated the microorganisms more effectively than the MB treatment and that the influence of the former persisted until the end of the experiment, 4 months after the treatments. Accumulation of NH₄-N was observed after the SS and CP treatments mainly due to the partial decomposition of the dead microorganisms and the marked decrease in the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The richness and average well color development (AWCD) values in the microbial communities after the SS treatment were evaluated by the carbon substrate utilization method using Biolog ECO MicroPlates. The values decreased markedly immediately after the treatment but showed a rapid recovery, while those after the CP treatment continued to decrease until the transplanting of tomato seedlings. The effect of the MB treatment on the soil microbial communities was less pronounced. The growth of the tomato plants was promoted by the SS and CP treatments due to the increase in the N supply at the initial stage of tomato growth.     

蒸汽爆破对烟叶木质纤维素和中性香味成分含量及其显微结构的影响

为研究烟叶爆破前后叶片中木质纤维素和中性香味成分含量及其显微结构的变化,用蒸汽爆破技术对烟叶进行了不同压力梯度的汽爆.结果表明:1)蒸汽爆破处理对叶片中的半纤维和纤维素有明显的去除作用,与对照相比,在0.6 MPa爆破时,两者含量分别降低49.26％和18.37％,木质素含量随汽爆压力的增加呈现先降低再小幅增加的趋势;2)蒸汽爆破在低压条件下(≤0.2 MPa)可激发小分子香味物质生成,糠醛、糠醇、2-乙酰基呋喃、5-甲基糠醛、苯乙醛、香叶基丙酮和巨豆三烯酮A含量都出现了增加,除香叶基丙酮,其余均与对照有显著性差异,但高压条件(＞0.2 MPa)下造成香味物质损失严重;3)新植二烯作为许多香味成分的前体物质,在0.6 MPa时,最大降解率达到57.58％,部分转化成小分子香味物质;4)爆破后的烟叶,其表征形态和微观结构均发生了明显变化,且随压力梯度的增加,变化越显著.结果显示:利用低蒸汽压力(≤0.2 MPa)爆破烟叶,可以较好的去除杂气和木质纤维素,激发小分子香味物质,明显改变烟叶显微结构.     

滚筒式过热蒸汽杀青机在夏秋绿茶初制加工中的应用

杀青方式和设备对夏秋绿茶初制加工的质量影响很大.采用滚筒式过热蒸汽杀青机进行杀青作业,不仅能达到蒸青绿茶产品干茶色泽翠绿、汤色亮绿、叶底嫩绿和减轻夏秋绿茶苦涩味的特征,而且避免网带式过热蒸汽杀青机勾挂茶叶影响加工质量的问题,保证了绿茶品质的稳定.     

Determining treatment frequency for controlling weeds on traffic islands using chemical and non‐chemical weed control

Many public authorities rely on the use of non‐chemical weed control methods, due to stringent restrictions on herbicide use in urban areas. However, these methods usually require more repeated treatments than chemical weed management, resulting in increased costs of weed management. In order to investigate the efficacy of four non‐chemical weed control methods and glyphosate treatment, experiments were carried out on traffic islands in the growing seasons 2005 and 2006. Three trial sites were each divided into six treatment areas, which were either treated with glyphosate, flame, steam, hot air/flame, hot water or left untreated. The treatments were carried out at regular, predetermined intervals throughout the growing season in 2004, whereas in 2005 and 2006 how many treatments that were required to keep weed cover below a predetermined acceptance level of 2% were investigated. Percentage weed cover was measured every second week using a 75 cm × 75 cm quadrat divided into 100 squares. On the control areas, a rapid increase in weed cover was observed, whereas weed cover could be kept below 2% by 2–7 treatments per year, depending on control method. On average, the following numbers of treatments per year were required: glyphosate 2.5, hot water 3, flames 5, hot air/flames 5.5 and steam 5.5 treatments. The results demonstrate that the weed control should be adjusted to the prescribed quality for the traffic islands by regularly assessing the need for weed control. They also show that tailored treatments can reduce the number of required non‐chemical treatments per year.     

前处理对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破效果的影响

为提高纤维乙醇生产过程中秸秆的预处理效果,该文研究了水预浸和CaO前处理对蒸汽爆破和酶解糖化的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对其影响机制进行了分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆经30%水(水料质量比30:100)预浸5d、经2%CaO(CaO与秸秆质量比2:100)处理3d或经30%水和2%CaO协同处理1d后再进行蒸汽爆破均可显著提高蒸汽爆破对木质素的降解,降解率由单独蒸汽爆破的20.6%分别提高到27.8%、35.1%和30.9%。玉米秸秆经3种复合预处理和酶解糖化后总糖浓度分别为3.81、3.59和3.46g/100mL,糖得率分别为42.2%、39.8%和38.3%,比单独蒸汽爆破预处理分别提高了23.7%、16.6%和12.3%。水预浸或CaO复合蒸汽爆破预处理后秸秆结构破坏严重,秸秆相对结晶度由单独蒸汽爆破的42.6%分别提高到47.0%和54.5%。水浸泡或CaO前处理可提高蒸汽爆破预处理效果和后期糖化效果,且所用试剂价格低廉,可以应用推广。     

黑毛豆仁微波联合气流膨化干燥工艺

为提高黑毛豆仁膨化产品的品质,采用微波联合气流膨化干燥工艺。考察不同单位质量微波功率对黑毛豆仁干燥特性的影响,探讨联合干燥过程转换点含水率、膨化温度、停滞时间、压力差、抽空干燥时间对黑毛豆仁膨化产品的含水率、硬度、脆度和色泽的影响。结果表明:当单位质量微波功率为5W/g时,黑毛豆仁的干燥速率较快,干燥时间较短;联合干燥转换点含水率、膨化温度、抽空干燥时间对膨化产品的品质影响显著,而膨化压力差、停滞时间对膨化产品品质影响较小。确定黑毛豆仁微波联合气流膨化干燥适宜的工艺参数:单位质量微波功率5W/g,转换点含水率31%,压力差0.124MPa,膨化温度100℃,停滞时间10min,抽空干燥时间90min。研究结果可为黑毛豆仁干制品的产业化生产提供技术参考。     

汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特性

为了研究青玉米秸秆未汽爆和汽爆预处理后厌氧发酵产沼气特性,该文采用汽爆压力为2.5MPa,保压时间为90s,加入质量分数为30%的沼液,未气爆青玉米秸秆的TS(总固体物)质量分数为6%,汽爆预处理青玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的TS质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、6%、8%、10%和15%,考察了厌氧发酵过程中pH值和产气量随时间和TS质量分数的变化。结果表明:未汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为6%时能够顺利厌氧发酵,但汽爆秸秆厌氧发酵液极易酸化,且无法调节,适宜的TS质量分数最大为4%;未汽爆秸秆挥发性固体产气率为214.6mL/g,汽爆秸秆在TS质量分数为3%时产气率最大,为334.8mL/g,比未处理秸秆提高了56%;未汽爆秸秆的产气速率为3.3mL/(g·d),汽爆秸秆产气速率随TS质量分数增大而减小,在TS质量分数为1%时最大,为14.8mL/(g·d)。青玉米秸秆经汽爆预处理后其厌氧发酵产沼气的产气率和产气速率大大提高,可以节约发酵时间,缩短发酵周期,有利于秸秆能源化利用的工业化生产。     

无土栽培基质蒸汽消毒机研究与应用

根据我国设施农业基质消毒设备发展的需要,设计开发了无土栽培基质蒸汽消毒机,主要包括蒸汽制备输送系统、基质搅拌系统、蒸汽消毒机控制系统3大部分.该机消毒效率高,生产率达到2.8m3/h,消毒效果好,通过灭菌检测达到99.9％以上,不需要施用化学药品,保证设施农产品品质,符合环保需要;可改变作物生长的基本条件、基质板结和水气不调的状况,提高设施农产品产量;彻底杀死幼虫、致病细菌等.该机采用拖拉机牵引,可以进行跨区作业服务达到增加收益的目的,市场前景广阔.     

日光温室空气湿度预测模型构建与验证

根据日光温室内水汽质量动态平衡关系,同时全面考虑了作物蒸腾、土壤蒸发、覆盖层内表面凝结和闭膜后的冷风渗透等与湿度变化相关的各种物理过程,建立了温室空气湿度动态预测模型。通过冬季试验验证了模型的预测功能。结果表明:室内空气相对湿度动态预测模型连续日期的预测结果与实测值比较吻合,相关系数为0.897 5,相对误差平均值为9.45%。     

天然气长输管道泄漏爆炸后果评价

由于腐蚀、自然破坏、人为破坏及本身缺陷等因素,输气管道易发生泄漏事故,其中蒸气云爆炸造成的失效后果最严重。为了评估天然气长输管道泄漏爆炸造成的物料损失、人员伤亡及财产损失,结合工程实例,对3种定量失效后果评价方法进行对比分析,确定了它们的应用条件和适用范围。分析认为:API 581失效后果评价方法评估步骤清晰简明,考虑因素全,应用范围广,评估结果优于ASME B31.8S-2001失效后果评价方法和爆炸超压-冲量法。该结论可为管道风险评价和完整性管理提供参考依据。