淀粉氧化反应机理的探究

介绍了淀粉的结构以及次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾和双氧水氧化淀粉的机理。     

CaCl2对超高压改性马铃薯淀粉结构的影响

研究了600MPa超高压下,不同浓度的CaCl2介质对马铃薯淀粉结构的影响。应刚偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,不管浓度大小如何,CaCl2均可以抑制淀粉的糊化,其偏光十字均保持得较好;低浓度的CaCl2对马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构影响不大,高浓度的CaCl2则由于渗透作用而导致淀粉结晶结构部分发生破坏。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

缓释肥类型与运筹对不同穗型水稻产量的影响

以大穗型品种甬优2640和多穗型品种南粳9108为材料,270 kg hm–2纯氮条件下,选用树脂包衣(PCU)、硫包衣(SCU)和脲甲醛(UF)3种缓控释肥类型,设置了缓控释肥与尿素均基施、缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施尿素2种施肥方式,以常规尿素定量分施为对照(CK)。结果表明,缓控释肥的应用对甬优2640无增产效应。主要因为甬优2640穗大粒多,群体颖花量大。与CK比,相对集中在前中期的肥效难以满足植株全生育期生长,中后期叶面积指数下降快,氮素积累少,光合势弱,物质生产量不足,不能实现群体大库容的有效充实。而对南粳9108,脲甲醛基施+尿素分蘖期施处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%,树脂包衣基施+尿素分蘖期施和脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理与CK平产的同时可减少施肥2~3次。2种运筹方式中,以缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施用尿素处理能有效增加植株茎蘖数,提高成穗率和最终穗数,扩大叶面积指数,增强光合势,增加干物质和氮素的积累,获得高产。3种肥料类型中,产量呈现UFPCUSCU。脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理之所以能使南粳9108获得比CK更高的产量,是因为UF的肥效在中后期依然能相对稳定释放,配合尿素的分蘖期施用,既保证了前期分蘖的发生,又能保证高峰苗后稳定的茎蘖数和群体叶面积指数,植株在拔节后的光合势和物质积累量大,氮肥利用率高,增产显著。由此可见,针对不同穗型和产量特性的水稻品种,优选缓控释肥类型基施的同时,分蘖期配合速效肥料的施用,可获得既省工又增产的效果。     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

可食性液态膜复合保鲜剂对番茄保鲜效果的研究

以番茄为试材,通过壳聚糖、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠配制成不同浓度的复合保鲜液浸泡涂膜处理,研究其对番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜液涂膜可有效地降低番茄果实的失重率、腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,维持番茄VC含量,保持番茄果实较好的感官品质,且以0.5%壳聚糖+0.8%可溶性淀粉+0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠复配的复合保鲜液涂膜对番茄有较好的保鲜效果,15℃环境下其货架期延长到15 d以上。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

不同立地类型根灌、滴灌水分扩散规律

为掌握根灌、滴灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分扩散规律,通过不同灌水梯度试验,采用挖剖面和直观观测法,研究了根灌和滴灌在不同立地类型土壤水分的垂直和水平扩散规律。结果表明:风沙土中根灌、滴灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,且灌水时间与扩散速率均呈负相关对数关系。沙质壤土中根灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率呈负相关对数关系。灰棕漠土中根灌初期水分垂直扩散和水平扩散相同,随时间增大,水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散;滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,但两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率也呈负相关对数关系。总体来看,根灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分无论垂直扩散速率还是水平扩散速率都表现为:沙质壤土风沙土灰棕漠土;滴灌则无论水平扩散速率还是垂直扩散速率都表现为:灰棕漠土风沙土沙质壤土,两者扩散规律明显不同。