Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Growth, Starch Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties Differing in Grain Weight Stability

The effect of heat stress on the components of grain weight was analysed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain weight stability. The wheat varieties PBW154, Sonalika and Hindi62 were raised in the field (New Delhi, India; 77°12' E, 28°40' N, 228.6 m a.s.l.) at three dates of sowing: 19 November 1992 (DOS I), 14 December 1992 (DOS II) and 18 January 1993 (DOS III). The late-sown crop (DOS III) experienced 6–8 °C warmer temperatures during grain development than the crop sown at the normal time (DOS I). The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed that grain weight was less susceptible to heat in Sonalika and PBW154 than in Hindi62. Heat stress reduced both the grain growth duration (GGD) and the grain growth rate (GGR). The grain weight reduction in PBW154 and Sonalika was mainly due to a reduction in GGR, while that of Hindi62 was due to a reduction in GGD. In vivo studies on starch and protein synthesis in excised endosperm at 15, 25 and 35 °C revealed that both processes were more thermotolerant in Hindi62 than in PBW154. The grain starch content was stable in Hindi62 while that in PBW154 was significantly reduced under heat stress. The grain nitrogen content at maturity increased in both varieties under heat stress. It was concluded that the heat susceptibility of grain weight in Hindi62 was mainly due to a reduction in GGD, although GGR, starch and protein synthesis were more thermotolerant in developing grains of Hindi62 than in those of PBW154.     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

病原微生物荚膜多糖的生物学功能

荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide,CPS)是一种广泛存在于细菌、支原体、部分真菌等菌体表面的碳水化合物.同时,荚膜多糖有助于菌体抵抗干燥和低温等不利环境,并通过在菌体表面形成物理屏障阻碍宿主补体的杀伤与吞噬作用.在长期多种应激-压力环境下,病原菌已进化出多种免疫逃避机制并促进宿主感染;在非病原微...     

基于局部综合法的非零正传动弧齿锥齿轮副设计

利用局部综合法对非零正传动弧齿锥齿轮副进行大重合度加工参数设计,克服了非零正传动由于啮合角增大而使得重合度降低的不足。通过实例与常规设计的结果进行仿真与应力分析对比,结果表明,在同样的载荷条件下,新设计比常规设计的小轮最大齿根拉伸应力减小27.6%,最大齿根压缩应力减小23.5%,最大齿面接触应力减小6.5%,同时大轮的齿根应力也有所降低,使得齿轮副具有更高的寿命和可靠性。     

棉蚜对吡虫啉抗性的初步研究

用吡虫啉对棉蚜进行室内抗性筛选,用药处理25次后抗性是筛选前的20.03倍;2007年对田间棉蚜进行抗性调查,发现不同地区种群对吡虫啉的抗性差异显著,江苏南京种群最为敏感,河南安阳、山东泰安和北京地区棉蚜与之相比,抗性分别为2.21、7.63和9.53倍;抗、感品系解毒酶活力分析发现,抗性品系的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性增加很少(比活力1.12倍),但酯酶活力显著高于敏感品系(比活力1.71倍);增效试验结果表明,顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)在抗、感品系中对吡虫啉均没有明显的增效作用,而磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和增效醚(PBO)虽然在敏感品系中对吡虫啉的增效作用较小(SR 1.24和1.29),但在抗性品系中的增效作用显著增高(SR 2.13和1.74);此外还发现,吡虫啉处理可提高棉蚜群体的酯酶活力。由此认为,棉蚜至少具有对吡虫啉产生中等水平抗性的风险,其抗性可能是由于棉蚜的酯酶和P450单加氧酶的解毒能力提高所致。     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Marine-Derived Alkaloids via Enzymatic Reactions

Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of marine-derived natural products. Most marine-derived alkaloids are biologically active and show promising applications in modern (agro)chemical, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Different approaches have been established to access these marine-derived alkaloids. Among these employed methods, biotechnological approaches, namely, (chemo)enzymatic synthesis, have significant potential for playing a central role in alkaloid production on an industrial scale. In this review, we discuss research progress on marine-derived alkaloid synthesis via enzymatic reactions and note the advantages and disadvantages of their applications for industrial production, as well as green chemistry for marine natural product research.     

微囊藻毒素-LR对生菜非结构性碳水化合物代谢的影响

【目的】研究低质量浓度微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）慢性暴露对生菜（Lactuca sativa）叶片及根系非结构性碳水化合物代谢的影响,为富营养化水体在生菜灌溉中的应用提供理论指导。【方法】以散叶生菜为试验材料,采用土培试验方法,设置不同质量浓度（0（对照组）,1,5,10,30 μg/L）MC-LR的水溶液灌溉生菜30 d,通过分析生菜叶片及根系中可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖）及淀粉含量、蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化,探讨生菜非结构性碳水化合物代谢对MC-LR慢性暴露的响应。【结果】10和30 μg/L MC-LR组生菜对MC-LR的富集系数较5 μg/L MC-LR组分别显著上升10.85%和17.83%（P＜0.05）,而对MC-LR的转运系数分别显著下降17.46%和13.85%（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,1 μg/L MC-LR组生菜净光合速率显著提高了9.17%（P＜0.05）,叶片中果糖含量及根系中葡萄糖含量和淀粉酶（AMS）活性分别显著增加了52.71%,19.13%和37.01%（P＜0.05）;5,10和30 μg/L MC-LR组生菜净光合速率提高,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）,叶片和根系中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,叶片中性转化酶（NI）活性分别显著降低了27.10%,38.01%和37.29%（P＜0.05）,淀粉合成酶活性分别显著增加20.92%,24.57%和30.28%（P＜0.05）,根系蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和AMS活性均显著增加（P＜0.05）。【结论】1 μg/L MC-LR水溶液灌溉对生菜叶片和根系中非结构性碳水化合物的分布和代谢影响较弱;而5～30 μg/L MC-LR水溶液灌溉通过促进生菜根系淀粉分解和蔗糖代谢活性,维持体内较高浓度的可溶性糖,从而提高生菜的抗逆性。     

硅对盐胁迫下藜麦生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

全球气候变暖降水减少加速了土壤盐渍化进程,对农业生产造成了严重影响,低浓度的盐分对藜麦发育没有明显影响,但盐含量较高的土壤则不利于藜麦的生长。前人研究表明,硅能帮助植物在盐胁迫条件下更好的生长。本实验以4种藜麦为研究材料,在300mmol.L_-1^{盐胁迫条件下设置硅浓度梯度(CK、0、0.5、1、1.5、2 mmol.L}_-1^{),研究硅对盐胁迫条件下藜麦幼苗的}生长影响及其生理机制,为提高藜麦耐盐性提供参考。结果表明：(1)与对照相比,盐胁迫条件下藜麦幼苗的芽长均明显降低,根长均显著增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的增加;可溶性糖(SS)含量降低;超氧阴离子自由基(O_2^.-)产生速率丙二醛(MDA)含量增加。(2)随硅浓度的增加,藜麦幼苗的芽长、根长、SOD、POD、CAT、SS均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,O_2.-^{产生速率和MDA含量先降低后升高。(3)}适当浓度外源硅的添加提高了盐胁迫条件下藜麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和SS含量,降低O_2.-^{产生速率和MDA含量,促进了藜麦幼苗在盐胁迫条件下的生长,0.5～1mmol.L}_-1^{硅浓度效果最好。}     

温湿度调控对番茄灰霉病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的影响

 番茄灰霉病菌在致病过程中能够产生4种细胞壁降解酶,以PMG酶活性最高,其次是β-葡萄糖苷酶和PG酶,Cx最少。灰霉病菌在不同温度下侵染番茄叶片时产生的致病酶活性不同,4种酶在20℃时表现了最高的活性,15℃次之,当温度达到25℃时,各种酶的活性都急剧下降,随着温度的再升高,酶活更低。随着湿度的增高,病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性也增加,当相对湿度达到90%以上时,4种酶的活性也达到最高。温湿度对番茄灰霉病菌产生细胞壁降解酶的影响趋势,与其对发病的影响趋势是一致的。