用颗粒离散元法模拟料仓卸料过程

采用颗粒离散元法模拟了无粘软颗粒和粘连性硬颗粒在平底仓卸料全过程,并与已完成的无粘硬颗粒结果比较。发现颗粒的材料模量对卸料特性影响甚小,而颗粒表面粘连性对卸料流率有显著的迟滞作用。在大出口情况,结拱不易形成,并出现颗粒自由下落现象。     

高直链玉米淀粉制备抗性淀粉的技术改进及成品分析(简报)

为了进一步提高玉米淀粉转化为抗性淀粉的得率,该文以高直链玉米淀粉为原料,通过压热——冷却循环并结合酸水解处理,考察循环次数、酸种类、酸浓度与水解作用时间对抗性淀粉制备的影响,改进抗性淀粉的制备技术路线和一些条件参数,并对成品的一些性质进行表征分析。高直链玉米淀粉经过121℃压热20min——4℃冷却24h循环处理2次,再用0.1mol/L柠檬酸于室温下水解12h,抗性淀粉的得率可以达到39%;X-射线衍生图表明,所得到的成品中抗性淀粉是以B型晶体形式存在;差示扫描量热(DSC)分析显示,抗性淀粉对热稳定,只有在较高温度下才会发生相转变。     

颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度的快速检测方法

淀粉糊化度是评价颗粒饲料加工质量的重要指标,直接影响畜禽吸收利用饲料中能量物质的效率,进而影响饲料的转化效率和畜禽生长状态。该文建立了颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度的两种快速检测方法,其中近红外光谱分析方法（NIRS）检测淀粉糊化度的定标和验证模型的决定系数（R2）分别为0.8759和0.9608;而快速黏度分析法（RVA）预测淀粉糊化度的定标和验证模型的决定系数分别为0.8025和0.8746。试验结果表明近红外光谱分析技术和快速黏度分析法均可快速且较准确地预测颗粒饲料的淀粉糊化度,在一定程度上能较好地满足实时监测饲料加工过程淀粉糊化程度、实现颗粒饲料精细加工的需要。     

甘薯茎尖粉在挂面生产中的应用

为了利用甘薯茎尖丰富的营养成分,该试验通过复因素试验分析测定了添加甘薯茎尖粉和淀粉磷酸酯对挂面弯曲断条率、烹煮时间、烹煮损失、熟断条率和吸水率等品质指标的影响.结果表明:甘薯茎尖粉和淀粉磷酸酯的不同添加量对挂面弯曲断条率的影响较大,且二者存在交互效应;添加甘薯茎尖粉对于挂面烹煮时间、烹煮损失、熟断条率和吸水率均无显著影响,而处理间及添加淀粉磷酸酯对挂面上述4个品质指标均有极显著影响.经综合分析最终确定小麦粉、甘薯茎尖粉、淀粉磷酸酯按100:1.5:7的比例混合为生产挂面的较佳配方,经与市售挂面相比较,发现采用此配方可以生产出营养价值高且质量合格的甘薯茎尖挂面.     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.     

不同施肥措施对旱地采煤塌陷区复垦土壤结构及玉米品质的影响

研究不同施肥措施对复垦土壤结构及玉米品质的影响,以期深入理解采煤塌陷区复垦土壤有机碳固持机制.采集复垦1年的定位试验各处理耕层(0—20 cm)土样以及玉米籽粒,分析土壤水稳性团聚体(>2,0.25～2,0.053～0.25 mm)及粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)中有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)含量、玉米籽粒蛋白质、...     

一株降解生木薯淀粉的曲霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及其淀粉降解特性

本研究利用以生木薯淀粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从腐烂木薯渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解生木薯淀粉的真菌菌株RSDF-7。根据RSDF-7形态和18SrDNA与28SrDNA之间的内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列分析的结果,初步认定该菌株为曲霉属。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液对多种不同的生淀粉底物均有水解效果;在以大米和玉米淀粉为底物时,其生淀粉分解活力比较高,分别为42%和40%。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液具有良好的低pH稳定性,对生木薯淀粉的最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为4.5。在30min的吸附后,RSDF-7的粗酶液对生木薯淀粉的吸附力高达60%。使用HPLC对粗酶液的酶解产物进行检测,结果发现酶解产物中仅存在葡萄糖,表明菌株RSDF-7所产的生淀粉降解酶主要为糖化酶。扫描电镜观察结果发现,经RSDF-7粗酶液酶解后的生木薯粉颗粒破裂,形成空洞,说明RSDF-7粗酶液对生淀粉有较强的水解作用。可以预见,经纯化后的曲霉菌株RSDF-7生淀粉酶将来可以用于基于酶解的木薯淀粉转化。     

西洋梨不同气调贮藏时间出库货架期品质变化

以西洋梨品种‘阿巴特’为试材,在（1.8±0.2）% O2,（0.8±0.2）% CO2气体浓度条件下,研究西洋梨不同气调贮藏时间出库货架品质的变化。结果表明,贮藏期内气调贮藏可显著地抑制西洋梨果实硬度的下降和色泽的变化,降低果实出汁率、淀粉含量、乙烯释放量,并推迟乙烯高峰的出现时间,抑制淀粉酶活性的上升;货架期间,不同贮藏期出库果实自货架6d起气调贮藏与对照相比果实硬度和淀粉含量的下降速率和色泽变化较快,果实的出汁率和淀粉酶活性明显上升,同时果实的乙烯释放明显加快。气调贮藏与对照相比可在一定程度上抑制贮藏期果实品质的下降,保持长期贮藏果实的后熟能力,提高西洋梨果实货架期品质。     

Late nitrogen fertilization affects carbohydrate mobilization in wheat

An experiment was carried out to determine how the late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer affects the use of pre‐anthesis carbon reserves during the grain‐filling period of pot‐grown wheat with no water shortage. Increasing doses (equivalent to 0, 140, and 180 kg N ha^–1) of N fertilizer were applied, either in two amendments (stages GS20 and GS30) or in three amendments (stages GS20, GS30, and GS37, according to Zadoks scale). The management of fertilizer by combining an increased N rate with late N application was able to stimulate canopy development, to raise photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate accumulation during the vegetative stages, and to increase grain yield. Based on the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation in the ear, three phases were differentiated during the grain‐filling period, whose temporary pattern remained stable regardless of the fertilizer management. The net remobilization of carbohydrates started 12 d after anthesis from the leaves and 28 d after anthesis from roots and stems. The increase of the N dose with late N application allowed on one hand a lower use of the pre‐anthesis carbon reserves in favor of greater de novo photosynthesis during the grain‐filling period, and on the other hand greater relative contribution of the leaf and ear C reserves to remobilization towards the grain. Further splitting the dose increased only the relative contribution of ear C reserves. The stem contribution seemed to be independent of N applied whereas the root contribution tended to diminish with late N application.     

施钾对夏玉米子粒发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

选用高淀粉玉米品种费玉3号及低淀粉玉米品种豫玉22为材料,研究了钾肥不同用量对玉米开花后子粒淀粉积累、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响;分析不同处理对直、支链淀粉含量的影响以及淀粉合成关键酶活性与直、支链淀粉积累的关系。结果表明,施K2O 225kg/hm2的处理显著比不施钾肥处理提高了两品种子粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPG-PPase）的活性与尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （UDPG-PPase）,显著提高了费玉3号子粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS） 的活性;施钾降低了豫玉22子粒SSS、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）的活性。施K2O 225kg/hm2提高了两品种穗位叶蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成能力,促进了子粒淀粉的合成;显著提高子粒直链、支链及总淀粉含量及积累速率,收获时总淀粉含量分别提高13.6%和8.2%,施钾更容易提高费玉3号子粒淀粉含量。中、高量钾提高了高淀粉玉米费玉3号子粒可溶性糖含量,有利于淀粉的合成;而对低淀粉玉米豫玉22子粒可溶性糖含量没有显著影响。除可溶性糖含量外,品种与施钾的交互作用对以上各指标的影响均达到显著性水平。