Effects of different ridge-furrow mulching systems on yield and water use efficiency of summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China

Ridge-furrow film mulching has been proven to be an effective water-saving and yield-improving planting pattern in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought is the main factor limiting the local agricultural production in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we tried to select a suitable ridge-furrow mulching system to improve this situation. A two-year field experiment of summer maize (Zea mays L.) during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 was conducted to systematically analyze the effects of flat planting with no film mulching (CK), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching and furrows bare (RFM), and double ridges and furrows full mulching (DRFFM) on soil temperature, soil water storage (SWS), root growth, aboveground dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield. Both RFM and DRFFM significantly increased soil temperature in ridges, while soil temperature in furrows for RFM and DRFFM was similar to that for CK. The largest SWS was observed in DRFFM, followed by RFM and CK, with significant differences among them. SWS was lower in ridges than in furrows for RFM. DRFFM treatment kept soil water in ridges, resulting in higher SWS in ridges than in furrows after a period of no water input. Across the two growing seasons, compared with CK, RFM increased root mass by 10.2% and 19.3% at the jointing and filling stages, respectively, and DRFFM increased root mass by 7.9% at the jointing stage but decreased root mass by 6.0% at the filling stage. Over the two growing seasons, root length at the jointing and filling stages was respectively increased by 75.4% and 58.7% in DRFFM, and 20.6% and 30.2% in RFM. Relative to the jointing stage, the increased proportions of root mass and length at the filling stage were respectively 42.8% and 94.9% in DRFFM, 63.2% and 115.1% in CK, and 76.7% and 132.1% in RFM, over the two growing seasons, showing that DRFFM slowed down root growth while RFM promoted root growth at the later growth stages. DRFFM treatment increased root mass and root length in ridges and decreased them in 0-30 cm soil layer, while RFM increased them in 0-30 cm soil layer. Compared with CK, DRFFM decreased aboveground dry matter while RFM increased it. Evapotranspiration was reduced by 9.8% and 7.1% in DRFFM and RFM, respectively, across the two growing seasons. Grain yield was decreased by 14.3% in DRFFM and increased by 13.6% in RFM compared with CK over the two growing seasons. WUE in CK was non-significantly 6.8% higher than that in DRFFM and significantly 22.5% lower than that in RFM across the two growing seasons. Thus, RFM planting pattern is recommended as a viable water-saving option for summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China.     

舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒室内增殖的研究

试验研究了饲毒龄期、饲毒浓度对舞毒蛾存活、幼虫体质量、虫尸质量和含毒量的影响以及饲毒时间对舞毒蛾含毒量的影响.结果表明:饲毒龄期和饲毒浓度对幼虫存活率和体质量增长均有不同程度的影响,饲毒龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,死亡时间越早,死亡率越高,体质量增长越缓慢;而且饲毒时龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,虫尸质量也越小,其含毒量也越低.饲毒时间与含毒量成抛物线型,饲毒时间过短或过长,体内含毒量均较低.由于5龄幼虫饲毒后有78％以上个体发育至蛹期,不发生死亡现象,因此,室内增殖舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒时,应选取4龄初幼虫喂饲1.0×106 PIB·mL-1病毒为宜,接毒10d后开始收集饲毒幼虫.     

茶产业安全治理初探:机制与对策——基于群体性企业社会责任视角

对茶产业社会责任缺失的现状、原因、治理机制与对策进行了研究。通过低水平均衡博弈模型的构建,透视了茶产业的责任缺失原因,划分了低水平均衡的三大阶段:形成阶段——量变因素的积累,加剧阶段——客观因素的催化,失衡阶段——质变因素的爆发。群体性的社会责任缺失给茶产业带来极大破坏力,需要积极打破以逐利为主要目的的"低水平均衡状态",通过构建"全主体+全过程+全方位"的茶产业社会责任缺失治理体系,以形成"诚信、透明、公开、公平"的高水平均衡博弈,促进茶产业的健康可持续发展。     

液质联用法测定饲料中14种抗菌药物的研究

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)联用技术同时测定饲料中硝基咪唑类、硝基呋喃类、喹噁啉类14种抗菌药物的分析方法.样品通过乙腈-水(60:40,V/V)溶液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化后上机测定.在正离子模式下通过两对离子对进行定性定量分析.结果表明,14种药物在2～100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,空白饲料在三个添加浓度下的回收率为46.5％～114.4％,批内、批间相对标准偏差均＜20％,检测限为20 μg/kg.该方法适用于饲料中14种抗菌药物的同时测定.     

犊牛卵泡液多肽信息分析

[目的]了解成年牛和犊牛卵泡液中多肽的信息表达差异,为完善犊牛卵泡液基础研究及犊牛卵母细胞体外培养体系奠定基础.[方法]采用基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱技术（MALDI-TOF-MS）对超排成年牛和超排犊牛卵泡液中的肽段进行分析,根据多肽的信号峰信息,通过MASCOT数据库进行蛋白检索.[结果]从成功构建的成年牛与犊牛卵泡液质谱多肽信号峰模型图谱可知,超排犊牛卵泡液多肽表达图谱中有60～80个信号峰,而超排成年牛的有30～40个信号峰;其中成年牛卵泡液有两个特有信号峰,质荷比为1218.58和1509.77 m/z,犊牛有1个特有信号峰,质荷比为953.54 m/z.利用MASCOT数据库对获得的卵泡液多肽信息进行蛋白检索,发现成年牛卵泡液中有18种蛋白,犊牛卵泡液中有11种蛋白.[结论]犊牛卵泡液中蛋白多肽信息峰数量多于成年牛,但卵泡液中总蛋白数量少于成年牛,这种差异可能是导致犊牛卵母细胞发育能力低于成年牛的重要原因之一.     

尿素-SDS—PAGE测定小分子多肽相对分子质量方法的建立

试验旨在建立一种简易快速测定小分子多肽相对分子质量的SDS—PAGE电泳方法。通过改进分离胶交联度为6％,丙烯酰胺总浓度为15％,并加入6％的尿素,对所测得的多肽相对分子质量进行线性回归分析。结果表明,得到的标准曲线线性相关系数R2达到0．9938,测得条带的相对分子质量分别为9．2129kD,建立的方法操作简单、耗时短,且小分子多肽成像清晰,是一种具有很高实用价值的测定方法。     

苹果中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留测定方法的研究

通过质谱条件的优化,确定苹果果实中68种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的提取和分析方法为GC-NCI-MS。在此方法下,68种农药的检出限低于6μg／kg;在0．01、0．10、0．50mg／kg3个加标水平下,样品的平均回收率为81％-114％,相对标准偏差为1．6％-15．3％。表明该方法可用于苹果果实中68种拟除虫菊酯类农药的测定。     

Throughput capacity of large quantities of chopped straw in partly slatted farrowing pens for loose housed sows

Abstract

The aim of the present paper was to study the throughput capacity (i.e. the ability of straw to drain through slatted flooring) of 15 kg of chopped straw used around the time of farrowing. A cohort study including 96 sows was conducted in two commercial herds, comparing chopped wheat straw of three length categories (mass median length 39, 70 and 130 mm). Straw with short and medium chop lengths was completely absent in 83% (plastic slats) and 85% (cast-iron slats), respectively, of the pens on Day 4 after farrowing, compared to 7% and 6% of pens provided with the longest straw category. We conclude that it is technically feasible to have an efficient throughput of straw and to maintain good pen hygiene in partly slatted farrowing pens provided with 15 kg of chopped straw at farrowing. However, straw chop lengths need to be adjusted to the type of slatted flooring used.     

Structural Characterization of New Microcystins Containing Tryptophan and Oxidized Tryptophan Residues

Microcystins are cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria, which can be harmful to humans and animals when ingested. Eight of the (more than) 90 microcystin variants presently characterized, contain the amino acid tryptophan. The well-researched oxidation products of tryptophan; kynurenine, oxindolylalanine, and N-formylkynurenine, have been previously identified in intact polypeptides but microcystin congeners containing oxidized tryptophan moieties have not been reported. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of an extract of Microcystis CAWBG11 led to the tentative identification of two new tryptophan-containing microcystins (MC‑WAba and MC-WL), as well as eight other microcystin analogs containing kynurenine, oxindolylalanine and N‑formylkynurenine (Nfk). Investigation of one of these congeners (MC‑NfkA) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to verify the presence of Nfk in the microcystin. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a tryptophan oxidation experiment demonstrated that tryptophan-containing microcystins could be converted into oxidized tryptophan analogs and that low levels of oxidized tryptophan congeners were present intracellularly in CAWBG11. MC-NfkR and MC-LNfk were detected in standards of MC-WR and MC-LW, indicating that care during storage of tryptophan-containing microcystins is required.