草地土壤分离能力季节变化特征及其影响因素

土壤分离能力是土壤侵蚀机理模型的重要参数.受土壤性质、植被根系等因素影响,土壤分离能力呈现显著的季节变化.为研究草地土壤分离能力季节变化特征及其影响机制,以建植一年的柳枝稷、无芒雀麦草地及对照裸地为研究对象,以20 d为周期,测定土壤密度、黏结力和根系密度,并采集原状土样进行水槽实验(τ=6.5-23.4Pa),测量土壤分离能力,并运用相关分析、回归分析等方法,研究土壤性质及植被根系对土壤分离能力季节变化的影响.结果显示:柳枝稷和无芒雀麦草地具有类似的季节变化特征,而裸地与二者差异明显.4月中旬至6月下旬,草地土壤分离能力较大,此后土壤分离能力迅速下降;7月中旬直至10月上旬,草地土壤分离能力较低;10月下旬,土壤分离能力小幅回升;裸地土壤分离能力7、8月份较低,其余时间较高.裸地土壤分离能力试验期均值为柳枝稷草地的10.6倍,无芒雀麦草地的23.7倍.草地土壤分离能力的季节变化受根系密度和土壤黏结力的影响,随着根系密度与土壤黏结力增大,土壤分离能力呈指数形式降低,而土壤密度对土壤分离能力季节变化的影响并不显著.试验区内草地土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、根系密度、根径和土壤黏结力等参数进行模拟(R2=0.636).研究结果可为土壤侵蚀机理模型的推广应用,以及小流域水土保持措施配置等工作提供科学依据.     

威县枣园乡魏家寨村红薯中硒含量的测定

采用微波消解处理样品,氢化物原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行硒的测定,两种方法测得枣园乡魏家寨村红薯中硒含量分别为0.0235±0.00609μg/g,0.01μg/g,对比京津冀区域及市售富硒红薯中硒含量,河北邢台威县枣园乡魏家寨村红薯硒含量不低于海南澄迈县桥头镇。     

Suppression of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis by Mass Trapping Using Synthetic Sex Pheromone in Paddy Field

Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadece-nal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1^st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74. 39% and population size of adult males of the 1^st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C.suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.     

九孔鲍选择群体F1的选择反应与现实遗传力估计

以中国九孔鲍（Haliotis diversicolor aquatili）养殖群体与日本野生群体杂交子二代为选育基础群体,采用群体选育方法进行九孔鲍的选择育种研究,以估计该养殖群体的选择反应与现实遗传力。截断选择壳长最大的10％个体作为选择组亲本（SS）,从基础群体中随机抽取相同数量的个体作为对照组亲本（sc）,选择强度为1．755,结果表明,选择组与对照组在卵径、受精率方面无显著的差别（P〉0．05）,但选择组在幼体附着率、幼体变态率、幼体成活率及稚贝早期生长方面与对照组相比表现出不同程度的生长优势（P〈0．05）,选择组50日龄的稚鲍成活率达到35．07％,显著大于对照组23．62％（P〈0．05）,40—270日龄的选择组壳长选择反应和现实遗传力变化范围分别为13．64％～81．88％和0．21～0．53,平均为31．63％和0．36,选择组平均壳长显著大于对照组（P〈0．01）。研究初步显示,养殖群体的选择反应极显著,群体选育是养殖九孔鲍遗传改良的有效途径。     

三角帆蚌内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验

报导了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)内脏团培育圆形有核珍珠的试验结果。结果显示:插植珠核的7362只手术蚌植核后一个月内成活率99.2%。经23个月养殖后,随机抽取50只。结果留核率达94%,成珠率为86%,其中中高档珠占37.2%。有核珍珠直径在9.4~11.6 mm之间,其中10 mm以上占88.4%。11.6%的珍珠表面有小于3 mm的凸起,未发现带扁而长尾巴的珍珠。试验表明:三角帆蚌内脏团内能培育出高品质的有核珍珠。此外还发现,脱核或核片分离的细胞小片仍可在内脏团内形成珍珠。     

昕水河流域径流变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

开展流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响研究是科学制定流域综合管理规划,并实现流域可持续管理的基础。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的典型流域——昕水河流域为研究对象,结合流域多年(1958—2015年)气象水文数据,采用M-K趋势检验法分析年降水、年潜在蒸发散和年径流量的变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法分析年径流量序列的突变年份,并根据生态水文分析法与水量平衡原理定量解析流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:1958-2015年,流域年径流量变化呈显著下降趋势(Z=-5.84,p<0.0001),而降水(Z=-0.72,p=0.31)和潜在蒸散发(Z=-0.5,p=0.88)变化趋势不显著。双累积曲线法表明径流量突变点为1974年和2000年,其中,1975—2000年间影响径流减少的主要因素是气候变化,气候变化导致径流量减少的贡献率为73.14%,土地利用方式仅为26.86%;而2001—2015年土地利用变化是影响径流减少的主要原因,其贡献率高达103.81%,可见土地利用变化已成为昕水河流域径流量变化的主要驱动因素。在今后的流域治理中,需合理制定土地利用方案,实现昕水河流域水土资源协调发展。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶和奶粉中五种苯并咪唑类药物

为建立牛奶及奶粉中5种苯并咪唑类药物(阿苯达唑、芬苯达唑、奥芬达唑、噻苯达唑、苯硫氨酯)简便、准确的分析检测方法,以固相萃取为净化手段,采用Acquity UPLC^® BEH C₁₈(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱进行分离,电喷雾离子源(ESI⁺),多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,5种苯并咪唑类药物在1~500 μg·L^-1范围内呈线性相关,相关系数(r)均大于0.996,加标平均回收率介于91.7%~97.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.4%~6.5%之间,基质效应均小于15%。5种药物的检出限均在0.1~3 μg·kg^-1范围内,定量限均在0.5~10 μg·kg^-1范围内。该方法操作简单、快速且灵敏度高,重现性好,能够用于牛奶及奶粉5种苯并咪唑类药物的同时测定。     

基于GC-MS顶空进样法鉴别瘿木降香黄檀与大果紫檀

分别对两个批次含瘿瘤的降香黄檀和大果紫檀木材,采用GC-MS技术顶空进样方式,获取其总离子流图并进行相关系数、系统聚类和特征性化学成分分析。结果表明:两种木材之间总离子流图差别大,无相关性,而同种木材不同批次间相似度高,均含有相同的特征峰,相关系数高(R>0.900);系统聚类分析进一步验证了该试验结果;两种含瘿瘤木材主要特征化学成分种类和含量也完全不同;相关性分析、聚类分析和特征性成分分析均可鉴别区分这两种含瘿瘤木材,解决了含瘿瘤木材传统方法难以鉴别的难题。     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质,通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明,经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质,主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物,占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征,表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性,它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

Characterization of hepatic and extrahepatic glutathione S-transferases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their induction by 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl

Liver, kidney, gill and olfactory epithelium cytosolic fractions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for glutathione S-transferase (GST) contents. Proteins retained on a glutathione (GSH)-affinity matrix were separated as monomers by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and partial amino acid sequence. For each organ concerned, a specific pattern of these proteins was determined and appeared similar for liver and kidney on one hand, and for gill and olfactory epithelium on the other hand. It was confirmed that the prominent hepatic GST is a class enzyme, also constitutively expressed as a major isoform in the four organs studied. Moreover, a class variant and two new class GST subunits were characterized in minor fractions. An unknown protein, which was found major in gills and olfactory epithelium, exhibited some characteristics of class GSTs. Occurrence of possible GSH-adduct formation observed on two distinct monomers in specific experimental conditions is discussed. These results and methods were used to investigate the effect of 3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), on GST expression in trout liver. From HPLC-profiling, significant co-induction of the major class and the two minor class GST subunits was observed in trout after waterborne exposure to TCB which was followed by a slight increase in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) activity. The present work allows qualitative evaluation of the specific detoxification potential of rainbow trout. The use of HPLC-profiling of GSTs as a possible tool for the biomonitoring of polluted aquatic environment is suggested.