微灌标准体系研究概述

微灌是当今诸多节水技术中节水效率最高的一种灌溉技术,构建微灌技术标准体系,制定相关微灌技术标准,是规范农用节水灌溉器材市场,推广微灌技术的有效途径。通过对国内、国外微灌技术、微灌标准发展现状及发展趋势的调研了解,提出了微灌标准体系主要研究内容及技术路线。从微灌技术实施流程出发,参照水利标准体系,构建结构合理、内容完整的微灌标准体系框架和标准明细表。在此基础上制修订30多项地方标准,起草2项国家标准,并进行了微灌条件下作物-水-肥-土壤关系模型研究探索。提高了微灌技术标准的完整性和可操作性。提出了制修订国家、行业微灌技术标准的具体建议。     

甘肃道地药材当归土炒饮片质量标准研究

目的:建立土炒当归饮片质量控制方法,为制定土炒当归饮片质量标准提供参考。方法:按照2005年版《中国药典》规定,对土炒当归饮片的性状、显微鉴别、水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物和薄层色谱进行分析,并采用高效液相指纹图谱法对其化学成分及相对含量进行研究。结果:土炒当归表面微挂土色,符合当归饮片土炒的传统炮制标准;其水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和浸出物的平均含量分别为5.8%、14.6%、6.9%和49.7%,但不同产地当归有明显差异,土炒后灰分和酸不溶性灰分较未炮制前有所增加;建立了不同产地土炒饮片的化学指纹图谱,确定了11个共有峰,其相对含量因产地不同虽略有差异,但色谱图概貌一致,相似度均大于90%。结论:根据《中国药典》规定,并结合高效液相指纹图谱法建立了土炒当归质量评价标准,为土炒当归饮片的生产、经营及鉴定提供参考标准。     

Control of invasive Liriomyza leafminer species and compliance with food safety standards by small scale snow pea farmers in Kenya

The Kenyan horticultural industry faces a new challenge following invasion by the quarantine Liriomyza leafminer species Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii which have recently become pests of economic importance. Controlling Liriomyza leafminers poses serious difficulties due to their biology and quarantine status. This paper examines farmers’ awareness of the pests and difficulties faced in controlling them. (1) A questionnaire survey showed that snow pea farmers in Kenya rely mainly on pesticides for control of invasive Liriomyza leafminers; (2) Sixty five percent of respondents perceived pesticides to be ineffective; (3) As a result, 74% of respondents increased the frequency of pesticide applications, 61% increased dose rates and 58% used broad-spectrum insecticides to avert damage by the pests; (4) Snow pea farmers who signed contracts with exporters and whose production practices were monitored for compliance with Good Agricultural Practices (GlobalGAP) used fewer control strategies; (5) These findings imply that the pest status of Liriomyza leafminers is likely to increase and snow pea production will significantly decrease in Central areas of Kenya unless an integrated leafminer management strategy is developed and farmers educated on methods of identifying them in their early stages of attack and use appropriate chemicals and application methods.     

采用健康风险评价模型研究场地土壤有机污染物环境标准取值的区域差异及其影响因素

前人研究及国外已有标准表明,一些有机污染物的土壤环境标准的区域差异显著。我国的土壤环境标准正在酝酿之中,研究土壤环境标准的区域差异及其影响因素十分必要。本文选择了取自我国不同地区的13种典型土壤,以萘为例,应用RBCA模型估算了非致癌危害商为1的目标风险水平下,土壤环境中污染物的最高限值,并对取值区域差异的影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,不同地区土壤中萘的最高限值差异显著,住宅用地萘的最高限值范围为370～1400mg·kg-1,工业用地限值范围为610～4100mg·kg-1。不同地区土壤中萘的最高限值差异最高可达3.8～6.7倍。土壤质地和有机质含量是影响最高限值取值的两种主要因素。随着土壤质地粘粒含量的增加,最高限值取值增加,达到一定程度后保持不变或略有降低;随着有机质含量的增加,最高限值取值呈增大趋势,但也有某些情况下,有机质含量增加到一定程度后最高限值趋于稳定。该结果预示了某些有机污染物的土壤环境标准取值受区域变异的影响较大,在标准制修订过程中对此需适当加以考虑。     

污染因子权重及区域环境质量综合评价分级标准的确定——以土壤重金属污染为例

采用基于AHP确定权重的系统分级法确定区域环境质量综合评价标准,尝试对区域环境质量综合评价标准的制定过程进行统一。以天津市郊区土壤重金污染为例,基于粮食卫生标准,利用AHP法确定各污染因子的权重,并将其应用于加权平均综合指数法,与基于改进AHP的加权平均综合指数法、模糊综合评价法、灰色聚类法、内梅罗指数法进行评价结果比较,表明基于标准的AHP法确定的权重更加客观、精确。基于AHP确定权重的系统分级法可推广应用于其他污染物在区域环境质量综合评价分级标准的划分。     

我国竹产业标准化现状与进展

我国现有竹产业类国家标准9项,行业标准28项。尽管一些地方政府和企业已着手竹产业标准体系构建研究,但目前尚未建立起全国性的标准体系。对标准化战略不明晰、标准化滞后于产业发展、竹子生态培育标准亟需制定、标准制定缺乏协调等问题,提出了加强个个产业标准化建设的建议。     

绿色建筑评价标准研究

对国内外较为成熟的绿色建筑评价体系的内容、方法、过程等进行比较分析,探讨当前国内绿色建筑评价标准在运行方面的问题,为探索适合中国国情的绿色建筑之路提供参考。     

出口种植基地植保产品的使用及与GAP标准符合性比较

植保产品的安全使用和有效监管,是实现从源头控制食品安全的有效措施.借鉴出口蔬菜、水果种植基地备案的管理经验.提出了"GAP认证基地植保产品管理八要素"的概念,并对"八要素"与GAP标准相关条款的符合性判定进行了比较.     

A型喷油泵修理时的试验台标准研究

通过试验研究，提出了Ａ型喷油泵修理时喷油泵试验台的主要技术标准。     

International standardization of acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein are plasma proteins that increase in concentration following infection, inflammation, or trauma. The circulating concentrations of these proteins in pigs and cattle can provide an objective measure of the health status of an animal and are increasingly being used as markers of animal health and welfare. Plasma concentrations of APPs are related to the severity of the underlying condition, and provide a ready means of evaluating both the presence and extent of disease. Haptoglobin, for example, has been used to identify both clinical and subclinical disease in animals, and for objectively monitoring antibiotic therapy in experimentally infected animals. Interpretative benefit can be further enhanced by the "acute phase index", derived from a mathematical formula that uses both positive- and negative-reacting APPs. Research suggests that in the future, assays for APPs will be used routinely to assess animal health, optimize production rates, monitor antibiotic therapy, detect diseases such as mastitis in dairy cows, and assess the health of animals at slaughter. These applications have considerable benefit for human food safety. Before APP assays can be applied in animal production on a worldwide basis, however, the calibration of assay methods must be harmonized to ensure that results obtained in the laboratory or on the farm are universally comparable and of consistent quality. In February 2000 the European Commission Directorate General Research Concerted Action was established to fulfill the task of international standardization of APPs. The Concerted Action Group consists of a network of 14 institutions representing 9 European countries. In this report, the background and goals of the Concerted Action Group, and scientific presentations from the group's first colloquium are described. In addition, the progress of the group to date and the standardization plan for the full 30-month duration of the Concerted Action are summarized.