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31.
中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系研究 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
农村无害化卫生厕所改造可以有效地减少农村地区粪-口传播疾病的发病率,保障人民群众身体健康和生活品质。2018年以来,农业农村部会同有关部门积极行动,大力推进农村厕所革命,取得了积极成效。然而,一些地方农村厕所"建不好、用不好、不好用"等情况仍有发生,究其根源,农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准规范缺失是重要原因。农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系是科学指导农村改厕和粪污资源化利用、规范行业进步和产业发展的重要手段。该研究从基础、通用、专用标准3个层次,系统梳理了中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理现行国家和行业标准,分析了存在的问题,明确了标准体系构建原则和目标,研究构建了标准体系结构和框架,提出了标准体系重点内容和制修订建议,以期为推动中国农村厕所革命提供支撑。 相似文献
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试验表明:不同挖穴规格的幼林生长达到概率保证为95%的统计学上显著与极显著差异水平,以40cm×30cm×25cm的穴规格为最好。种源差异及主副处理的交互作用由于试验林尚小,未达到统计学上的显著差异水平。 相似文献
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Goal, Scope and Background
In the nineteen nineties most European countries issued legislation on soil protection, including soil contamination. In the case of a presumed contamination, soil investigation mostly follows a stepwise approach starting with a preliminary investigation, then an in-depth investigation and, finally, remediation. Soil clean-up standards are often foreseen as trigger criteria to determine the need for an in-depth soil investigation or for remediation. There are however large differences in soil clean-up standards. This is partly because of the different roles of soil clean-up standards in each legislative framework and partly because of differences in the soil clean-up standard (SCS) derivation procedures. Despites these differences there are large similarities in the concepts of the derivation procedures for clean-up standards. A better understanding of the differences in clean-up standards is needed. In order to clarify the variation, the background of the clean-up standards for a selected number of countries was investigated. The objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying reason why country-wide generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards of eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) differ between the selected countries.Main Features
To avoid misinterpretation of the differences in application of the clean-up standards, a short overview of the legislative role of clean-up standards is given first. Differences in model concepts and parameter values are discussed, followed by a comparison of the generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards for trace elements and a discussion on the sources of variation. The influence of the use of ecotoxicological criteria and data for the derivation of soil clean-up standards will be discussed in more detail. Selected countries were Canada, the Flemish Region (Belgium), France, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States of America (USA).Results and Discussion
When soil clean-up standards for eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) were compared between the selected countries differences of more than a factor 1000 arose. Notwithstanding the use of similar derivation procedures, differences were caused by the use of different software models with their specific input data, boundary conditions and applied protection criteria for humans and the ecology. Ecotoxicological criteria tend to lower the soil clean-up standard for the selected trace elements.Conclusions
In the countries that are included in this study, clean-up standards are used is different ways, this is for the determination of the necessity for remediation or for the need for further soil investigation. This paper shows a wide variation in the clean-up standards, which has further implication on the decision for remediation or further investigation and, hence, the financial costs of soil management. All the clean-up standards have as primary goal the protection of human health. A number of countries also include the protection of the ecological function of the soil. Differences in selected software model, (standard) parameters values, selected human toxicological and ecotoxicological criteria, are reason for a substantial variation in the clean-up standards for trace elements.Recommendations and Perspective
. Is this variation justified? The derivation of soil clean-up standards involves - besides scientific elements - political elements, like differentiation in landuse types (agricultural, residential, recreational, industrial), receptor at risk or protection level. It is obvious that harmonization of these elements will be complicated. However, a European action programme, like the thematic strategy for soil protection, could initiate this process of harmonization. Nevertheless, soil-clean-up standards could never be uniform over the whole of Europe because they include country specific elements (geographical, ethnological) and political decisions. 相似文献35.
36.
【目的】建立一种能检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)含量的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,为猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)的诊断和防治提供技术支持。【方法】根据TGEV TH98株的N基因序列设计1对特异性引物,扩增出目的片段,连接克隆载体后构建质粒标准品;对荧光定量的循环条件进行优化,建立猪传染性胃肠炎病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,对其重复性、特异性进行检测,并与普通PCR检测方法进行比较,最后应用该方法对采自陕西杨凌周边的30份临床样品进行检测。【结果】成功构建了质粒标准品,建立了检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,该方法特异性高、重复性好、敏感性比普通PCR检测方法高2个数量级,对质粒标准品的线性检测范围为1.0×107~1.0×101拷贝/μL。用建立的检测方法对从陕西杨凌周边猪场采集的30份样品进行检测,检出4份阳性,与普通PCR检测方法符合率为100%。【结论】建立的TGEV荧光定量RT-PCR方法敏感性高、特异性好、省时省力,可以对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒进行快速检测。 相似文献
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国家基础兽药数据库系统的建设及思考 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
分析了目前国家兽药数据库存在的准确性、时效性、关联性等方面的不足,提出了整合资源、制定数据采集标准、设置分级管理、实现关联共享等建议,制订了分阶段、分步骤实施的具体措施,旨在推进国家基础兽药数据库系统建设。 相似文献
39.
解读2010年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》一部收载兽药标准的增修订内容和特点,详细描述了兽药典一部收载凡例和兽用化学药品、抗生素等兽药标准的增修订情况。对于读者理解、领会和执行2010年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》一部标准,将起到较好的帮助作用。 相似文献