北苍术种子质量分级标准研究

对源自不同产地的22份北苍术种子形态大小、含水量、千粒重、净度、生活力、发芽率等指标进行检验。在对试验数据进行收集、整理、分析的基础上,将其分成三个等级,本实验依据各项检测项目对22份北苍术种子进行检验,初步确定北苍术种子分级标准。     

不确定性条件下分布式农业生产预警模型构建与应用

构建了基于梯形模糊数和分布式作物模拟模型的空间分布式农业生产预警模型来实现作物产量和水分生产力综合警情预警预报。模型采用空间分布式作物产量和水分生产力作为警情指标来计算系统警级,引入梯形模糊数来表征目标产量和水分生产力的不确定性,采用空间分布式作物模拟模型来模拟常规灌溉、0.8倍常规灌溉和0.6倍常规灌溉下的作物产量和水分生产力,进而对现状1976—2012年和未来RCP4.5情景下2026—2045年不同灌溉水平下进行农业生产风险预报预警,并衡量了未来20年产量和水分生产力的静态协调度和每5年4个周期的动态协调度。结果表明,同一作物在不同土壤类型和不同灌溉水平下预警等级不同,警级随着灌溉水平的降低呈现不规则变化规律,协调性随着灌溉水平的降低而减小。模型能够识别出未来气候变化不同节水灌溉水平下的空间异质性作物产量和水分生产力的警级,实现精准化农业生产风险预警预报,有利于实现高效率降警处理。     

Antioxidant properties of blackberry and blueberry fruits grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Seven wild and ten cultivated blackberries (Arapaho, Bartin, Black Satin, Bursa 1, Bursa 2, Cherokee, Chester, Jumbo, Navaho, and Ness), and six lowbush (Vaccinium arctostaphylos) and four highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) blueberries fruits (Ivanhoe, Jersey, Northland, and Rekord) were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in this study. The respective ranges of total anthocyanin and total phenolic contents of the tested samples were: blackberries, 0.95–1.97 and 1.73–3.79 mg g⁻¹ and blueberries, 0.18–2.94 and 0.77–5.42 mg g⁻¹. FRAP values varied from 35.05 to 70.41 μmol g⁻¹ for blackberries, 7.41 to 57.92 μmol g⁻¹ for blueberries. Wild blackberries had the highest FRAP values while wild blueberries had the highest total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents. A linear relationship was observed between FRAP values and total phenolics for blueberries (r = 0.981). The anthocyanin pigments in samples were isolated and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–visible detection. Cyn-3-glu was the predominant anthocyanin in all blackberry fruits.     

辣木种子苗繁育技术操作规程

种苗繁育是规范化种植的基础环节,为进一步规范辣木种苗繁育技术,于2013～2015年对辣木种苗繁育过程中的种子采收、种苗繁育、田间管理、采收运输及分级标准进行了总结,并制定了辣木种苗繁育技术操作规程(SOP),以期为辣木标准化的种苗生产提供依据。     

金属表面处理用混合硅烷体系中硅烷水解度的测定

硅烷工作液的水解度数据可为建槽过程中浓缩液稀释倍数以及硅烷工作液循环利用研究提供重要依据。以双-（3-三甲氧基硅基丙基）胺（BAS）和乙烯基三乙酰氧基硅烷（VTAS）的混合体系为研究对象,异丙醇为内标物,采用气相色谱内标法对BAS/VTAS体系中两种硅烷的水解产物CH₃OH和CH₃COOH的浓度进行精确定量,并通过计算得到两种硅烷的水解度数据。该方法的有效性采用红外光谱法、极化曲线和CuSO₄点蚀法进行验证。结果表明：气相色谱法能够有效、快速地表征BAS/VTAS混合体系中两种硅烷的水解度,其结果可作为硅烷水解液性能评判的定量依据。     

基于标准化降水指数的西藏昌都市旱涝时空特征

旱涝灾害是昌都市主要自然灾害,了解昌都市旱涝时空分布特征,对减轻该区域旱涝灾害损失、合理利用水资源和生态屏障建设有重要意义。利用1981—2015年昌都市7个气象站的逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI),分析昌都市旱涝变化特征。结果表明:昌都市旱涝变化具有明显的阶段性特征,1981—1995年旱涝交替发生,1996—2004年雨涝频繁,2005年以后以干旱为主;春夏两季降水呈弱增加趋势,春夏旱减少,秋季降水呈弱减少趋势,秋旱增加,冬季则无明显的变化;北部、中部和南部在2002年以前,旱涝存在一致性,2002年后存在较大的差异;20世纪80年代中期旱涝变率最大,旱涝转换频繁,21世纪初早期变率最小,3个区域的旱涝变率总体上与全市相似,2011年以后,南部区域变率较高,旱涝交替频繁。     

上海水务标准体系框架解析

为解决行业标准分散和不成体系等问题,提高行业标准化管理水平,通过对现有水务及相关行业技术标准体系的调研分析,结合上海水务专业特色,编制了《上海市水务标准体系表》.本文详述了该体系框架的编制原则、特色、组成单元、框架结构等,并详细说明了该体系表的专业门类和功能序列.     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

基于SPEI的宁夏沿黄城市带干旱特征及驱动性分析

宁夏沿黄城市带气候变化敏感,生态环境脆弱,探究区域干旱驱动机制,对进一步研究黄河流域高质量发展,优化区域农业水资源管理具有重要意义。利用研究区1995—2015年的气象资料,采用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)和标准降雨蒸散指数(SPEI)获得区域潜在蒸散发量和干旱指数,通过Mann-Kendall突变检测法、滑动t检验和Pettitt突变检验,分析了研究区干旱时间变化周期,利用冗余分析法定量分析宁夏沿黄城市带干旱驱动因素。结果表明：(1)研究区在季节尺度上,单季旱发生频繁,以春季和秋季发生为主,自北向南整体呈现由高到底的趋势,且主要发生在北部地区,整体以0.013/10 a速率呈湿润化趋势;(2)在年尺度上干旱的下降趋势具有全域性,自北向南呈现由高到底的趋势;(3)宁夏沿黄城市带SPEI-12值在研究时段呈现逐年下降的趋势,通过3种突变检测函数,确定2008年出现异常值,这与降水分布一致;(4)各环境因子对SPEI指数的解释率均在75%以上,降水量、温度、地表净辐射是驱动SPEI值主要环境因子。其中,降水量对SPEI的贡献率最高,呈显著正相关关系。