Effect of biochar on soil structure and storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregate fractions of an Albic soil

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn straw derived-biochar (700 °C) applied at 0 (control), 10 (B1), 20 (B2) and 30 t ha^?1 (B3) on water stable aggregate (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in WSA fractions of Albic soil. Compared with control, WSA in > 2 mm fraction increased, by 40.8% and 51.5% (0–10 cm depth) in B1 and B3, respectively. B1, B2 and B3 (10–20 cm depth) increased by 55.2%, 69.6% and 62.4%, respectively. MWD increased by 34.4%, 21.6%, and 17.6% with B3 at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. TOC in the > 2 mm fraction increased by 28.6%, 22.1%, and 23.2% (0–10 cm depth) in B1, B2, and B3, respectively, TN in 2–0.5 mm fractions increased by 32.4%, 23.4% and 33.6% (0–10 cm depth); and in the 0.25–0.05 mm fractions increased by 14.8%, 19.8% and 18.7% (10–20 cm depth), in B1, B2 and B3, respectively. Our findings suggest biochar application at 30 t ha^?1 could improve structural stability and sequestration of TOC and TN in Albic soils.     

Wet aggregate stability as affected by excess carbonate and other soil properties

Aggregate stability is a fundamental property influencing soil erodibility and hydraulic characteristics. Knowledge of soil components controlling aggregate stability is very important to soil structure conservation. The objective of this study, which was carried out in surface soils from central Greece, was to relate wet aggregate stability to selected soil properties, with emphasis on excessive free carbonate content. The wet‐sieving technique of air‐dried aggregates was used for structural stability evaluation, according to a test that calculates an instability index. The soils studied were developed on Tertiary marly parent material and ranged in calcium carbonate content from 5 to 641 g kg⁻¹. From the texture analysis before and after removal of carbonates, it was concluded that carbonates mainly contributed to total silt and sand fractions, that is to the mechanical fractions which, as a rule, negatively affect aggregate stability. The results of the correlation analysis showed that aggregate stability was positively affected by aluminosilicate clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and Al‐containing sesquioxides. Clay fraction from carbonates and total sand and silt negatively affected aggregate stability. CEC has been proved a very significant determinant of aggregate stability, which in a hyperbolic form relationship with instability index explained 78·9 per cent of aggregate stability variation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resistance in Cucumis sativus L. to Tetranychus urticae Koch. 4. The genuineness of the resistance

Summary For several generations subpopulations of the twospotted spider mite were reared on cucumber varieties previously selected as partially resistant. Subsequently resistance tests were carried out in the laboratory and the glasshouse with mites from these subpopulations and concurrently with mites from a basic population reared on a susceptible cucumber line. In these tests neither acceptance nor net reproduction or damage index on the partially resistant varieties depended on the kind of mite populations used as inoculum. Therefore it is concluded that the resistance is genuine. The stability of the resistance is discussed.     

河西走廊瓜州绿洲生态系统稳定性评价与生态风险防御对策

瓜州绿洲属于国家级极端干旱荒漠自然保护区,光热资源丰富.但草场退化、土地沙化、土壤盐渍化等问题严重.以1991-2007年瓜州县统计数据为基础,从自然资源状况、环境压力、社会经济状况三方面建立瓜州绿洲生态系统稳定性评价指标体系,用变异系数赋权法确定指标权重,运用模糊数学评价法进行综合评价.结果表明:瓜州绿洲生态系统处于Ⅲ级,即潜在不稳定状态.并认为水资源需求压力大、气候极端干旱、草场退化、土地沙化、土壤盐渍化问题严重及城镇化水平低是造成研究区生态系统潜在不稳定的主要原因.针对以上问题,本文提出了瓜州绿洲生态风险防御的对策.     

种间关系对中条山油松人工林天然更新及群落稳定性的影响

[目的]为了揭示种间关系对中条山油松人工林天然更新及群落稳定性的影响,为油松人工林经营管理提供理论依据.[方法]基于中条山油松人工林群落样地调查数据,分析油松人工林下主要植物的种间关联性、生态位重叠及群落稳定性,并在此基础上探讨种间关联和生态位理论在油松人工林天然更新障碍及群落稳定性形成机制中的作用.[结果]中条山油松...     

一类半线性变系数抛物型方程的二阶差分格式

本文对一类半线性变系数抛物型方程初边值问题建立了一个二阶差分格式,证明了差分格式解的存在唯一性、关于初值的无条件稳定性和在L∞范数下阶数为O(2τ+h2)的收敛性,最后给出的数值算例验证了理论结果。     

一个捕食者和食饵均具有阶段结构的捕食模型的稳定性

讨论一个捕食者和食饵均具有阶段结构的捕食模型的稳定性．通过分析特征方程，运用Hurwitz判定定理，讨论了该模型非负平衡点的局部稳定性；通过构造适当的Lyapunov泛函，运用LaSall不变集原理，讨论了该模型的非负平衡点的全局稳定性，从而得到了该生态系统永久持续生存与灭绝的充分条件     

大中型轴流式潜水电泵开发应用的若干问题探讨

介绍了大中型轴流潜水泵的基本结构、特点。对该型泵的设计、安装、运行等问题进行了讨论，论述了用该型泵替代目前应用的轴流泵具有的各种优越性。     

玉米种子清蛋白 PAGE 谱带稳定性及玉米杂交种纯度检验

利用改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术对１１个不同玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系和杂交种种子清蛋白（ａｌｂｕｍｉｎ）进行了电泳分析。结果表明,改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对玉米种子清蛋白具有较高的分辨率;玉米种子清蛋白存在丰富的多态性,各自交系和杂交种的电泳图均具有鲜明特征,并构成其独特的生化“指纹”;电泳谱带具有相对稳定性,基本不受产地和收获早晚的影响。     

Transient stability simulation methods incorporating PMU measurements

Incorporating the PMU measurements information in transient stability simulation can increase computing speed and enhance accuracy in the time domain simulation. Based on the conventional alternating iteration technique, this paper presents two simulation methods combined with the PMU measurements information, in which the number of differential algebraic equations is reduced and so is the computational scale. The proposed methods have been tested and compared with the conventional method using the New England 10 machine 39 bus system and IEEE 50 machine 145 bus system. The cases with errors of the dynamic model parameter and PMU have been also simulated and discussed. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods.