玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料的制备及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,与丙烯酸发生接枝共聚反应,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制得玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料;通过干燥粉碎,进行性能测定,研究引发剂添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、丙烯酸和NaOH的中和度和交联剂添加量等因素对吸水倍率和耐盐倍率的影响。结果表明:在丙烯酸单体为50.00 g时,玉米淀粉添加量为10.00 g,引发剂添加量为0.15 g,交联剂添加量为0.02 g,中和度为90%时,生成的高保水材料性能最好,吸水倍率可达到240倍左右,耐盐倍率达到40倍左右。     

石窑店煤矿建设及生产过程中水土流失预测研究

石窑店煤矿在建设和生产过程中会不同程度地破坏地表植被、改变土壤结构、损坏现有的水土保持设施,同时产生大量的弃土弃渣。针对石窑店煤矿在建设和生产过程中的水土流失和生态环境恶化问题,在现场勘察和分析相关资料、文件的基础上,预测了该煤矿在建设和生产过程中扰动原地貌,损坏土地和植被的面积、弃渣量、损坏水土保持设施的面积和数量及可能造成新增水蚀、风蚀量,预测结果为合理布设该矿区水土保持与生态修复措施提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。     

论决策支持系统在我国节水灌溉中的应用

本文根据节水灌溉的特点论述了DSS在节水灌溉中应用的必要性,综合分析了国内节水灌溉DSS应用的现状、存在的问题及未来的发展战略。     

Two perennial legumes (Astragalus adsurgens Pall. and Lespedeza davurica S.) adapted to semiarid environments are not as productive as lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), but use less water

Perennial forage legumes, particularly lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), play a significant role in crop/livestock mixed farming systems in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau of China as stock feed and a source of nitrogen for subsequent crops. However, there is evidence that lucerne reduces soil water deep in the soil profile, thereby reducing subsequent crop productivity. From 2004 to 2010, this study evaluated the forage productivity and water use of two locally adapted perennial legume species, milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) and bush clover (Lespedeza davurica S.), compared with lucerne. The 7‐year total and average annual forage yield of milk vetch were 56 and 8 t ha^?1 and bush clover was 42 and 6 t ha^?1, respectively, significantly lower than lucerne at 91 and 13 t ha^?1. However, despite lower water‐use efficiencies (16 and 12 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 for milk vetch and bush clover, respectively, compared to 22 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 for lucerne), the total 7‐year water use in milk vetch and bush clover was 3500 mm and 3490 mm, respectively, which was 135–140 mm less than lucerne. After 7 years, lucerne had extracted water from the upper 5 m soil, whereas bush clover used water mainly from the upper 2 m of the soil profile and milk vetch still had some water available below 3 m. We conclude that while the locally adapted forage legumes were not as productive as lucerne as a source of fodder in mixed cropping/livestock system in this region, they use less water, which may be advantageous in drier regions.     

Hydraulic Stability of Conditioning-controlling Water-water Ejector Heating Unit in Heating System

The paper introduces an example and its running data of applying conditioning-controlling water-water ejector heating unit developed by the author in heating system. It proves that: the hydraulic stability of the system is very good. When heating medium of heat source and heat consumer are respective high-temperature water and low-temperature water, the hydraulic stability of the heating system is close to 1; when the flow of any consumer of heating network changes, the flow and heating quality of other consumers are almost unchanged.     

不同采样幅度和间距下压砂地枣树土壤水分的空间变异性研究

为了探明西北地区特有的压砂地枣树土壤水分的空间变异及其尺度效应,本文基于野外试验,选取32m×32 m区域,并在此基础上改变采样幅度和采样间距,基于经典统计学和地统计学理论,研究了不同采样幅度和间距条件下0-50 cm土层土壤含水量的空间分布特征及其空间变异性。结果表明,对于所有5种采样幅度(32m×32 m、28 m×28 m、24 m×24 m、20 m×20 m和16 m×16 m),随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量呈减小的趋势,而变异系数呈增大的趋势,空间变异强度基本表现为弱变异至中等偏弱变异;当采样幅度增大时,土壤含水量的变异系数Cv、块金值C0及变程A均不断增大。对于4 m、8 m和12 m这3种采样间距,当采样间距增大时,土壤含水量的块金值C0不断增大,变程A不断减小,而变异系数Cv不受影响。在不同尺度内,土壤含水量均存在强烈的空间自相关性。各土层土壤含水量在不同采样间距下的空间分布形态相似,多处出现明显的"隆起"与"凹陷",受地形影响显著,并随着采样间距的增大,逐渐平坦化,8 m为较合理的采样间距。     

Organoclays for controlled release of the herbicide fenuron

Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.     

陕西省生态系统水源涵养功能评估分析

以陕西省为研究对象,基于水量平衡法并结合GIS空间分析与线性回归法,对2000—2014年区域生态系统水源涵养功能动态变化进行科学评估和重要性评价,并以此为方向探讨区域生态红线规划。结果表明:(1)陕西省水源涵养能力南北高,中间低,空间差异显著,单元水源涵养量为0～800.90 mm;近15年水源涵养功能增加区域面积占研究区总面积的86.71%,总水源涵养量呈整体上升,局部下降特征。(2)气候要素与水源涵养量相关性较强,植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中,森林是生态系统水源涵养的主体,其中,水源涵养能力为:常绿阔叶林常绿针叶林落叶阔叶林落叶针叶林。(3)研究区内水源涵养量200 mm的区域占总面积的65.12%,整体水源涵养生态价值不高;综合划定水源涵养生态保护红线面积约77 593.31 km~2,占总面积的37.70%,主要分布在秦岭中西部高山区、汉水谷地以南以及延河流域以北,生态系统类型以林地为主。     

水分动态调控对烤烟生长发育及质量的影响

为探究水分动态调控对烤烟生长发育以及烤后烟叶质量的影响,设计田间试验,通过对烤烟进行伸根期节水灌溉、成熟期灌淋调亏等处理,研究了烤烟生长发育以及烟叶质量的变化。结果表明,烤烟伸根期节水灌溉条件下,烟株生长发育较快;成熟期灌淋调亏,可有效控制烟株后期长势;相对于常规处理(伸根期正常沟灌+成熟期不灌淋调亏),伸根期节水灌溉+成熟期灌淋调亏处理烤后烟叶还原糖、总糖、钾含量较高,蛋白质、烟碱、总氮、氯含量较低,协调性较好,色素含量较低,中性致香物质含量较高,评吸质量较好。因此,伸根期节水灌溉并于成熟期灌淋调亏,能够促进烟株生长发育和烟叶成熟落黄,色素、蛋白质等大分子物质充分降解,提高烤后烟质量,为豫中烟区生长前期干旱缺水、后期难以成熟落黄的问题提供了解决办法,有利于稳定烟叶质量,彰显浓香型风格。