Laboratory evaluation of two novel strategies to control first-instar gypsy moth larvae with spinosad applied to tree trunks

Two strategies for controlling first-instar larvae of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L)), insecticidal bait and contact insecticide applied directly to the tree trunk, were evaluated in the laboratory. Spinosad was selected as a candidate natural-product insecticide that is active both by contact and ingestion. Incorporated into artificial diet-based bait, spinosad was toxic to neonate larvae with a minimal 10-s feeding period, with an LC50 value of 20 (15-26, 95% confidence interval) mg liter-1. It was significant that neonate larvae did not discriminate between spinosad-treated and control diet. Efficacy of diet-based bait in the laboratory, however, was significantly impacted by previous exposure to diet; fed larvae did not stop at the bait and did not incur mortality, as compared to unfed larvae. Oak bark was a suitable substrate from which neonate larvae could contact spinosad residues. Spinosad applied directly to oak bark resulted in significant mortality after 1- and 4-min crawling contact exposure times (LC50 = 24 [20-29, 95% CI] and 8.7 [6.9-11, 95% CI] mg liter-1, respectively) and contact activity persisted for 2 weeks. While contact activity was more potent on glass surfaces than on oak bark, the LC50 values differed only by factors of 2.4 and 3.6, for 1- and 4-min exposures respectively.     

Phytotoxicity of GF-120 NF Naturalyte fruit fly bait carrier on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) foliage

BACKGROUND: Six sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars were tested with GF-120 with spinosad (0.2 g L(-1) spinosad bait) or without it (blank bait) to understand leaf phytotoxicity observed in the field. RESULTS: Spinosad bait and blank bait did not differ significantly with respect to damage observed. Leaf damage was found almost exclusively at the abaxial (lower) surfaces with the doses (0, 17, 20, 25 or 40%) and cultivars tested. The effects of the blank bait on abaxial surfaces increased from 24 to 168 h, and with dose, in terms of the proportion of droplets (0.00, 0.42, 0.52, 0.75 or 0.94) and area (0.0, 18.7, 23.5, 40.5 or 91.6 mm) burned. In addition, chlorophyll was reduced with increasing dose on abaxial surfaces (SPAD = 44.6, 36.1, 34.1, 31.0, 21.5), but not on adaxial (upper) surfaces (SPAD = 44.6, 44.2, 44.0, 44.8, 44.4). The chlorophyll level in undamaged leaves (adaxial surfaces) differed by cultivar. Cherry leaves were less damaged by a 20% bait application in June (0.26) than in July (0.46) and August (0.50). Incidental insect leaf feeding at bait locations occurred at a low rate and was highest on abaxial bait surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Applying GF-120 to the adaxial leaf surface, or at doses of 相似文献   

总评“归一值”在多杀菌素·甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐聚乳酸微球制备工艺优化中的应用

采用溶剂蒸发法制备了多杀菌素·甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐聚乳酸微球,考察了内相聚乳酸浓度(X1)、理论载药量(X2)和搅拌速率(X3)对微球载药量、包封率、粒径、跨距及5 d释放率的影响。用数学方法将试验设计中的多指标"归一"化,采用中心多点等距设计法,对各指标以及总评"归一值"进行二项式拟合,描绘三维效应面,用Design-expert V8.06软件对总评"归一值"较佳的试验条件进行预测。结果表明,当聚乳酸质量浓度和搅拌速率减小、以及理论载药量增大时,总评"归一值"增大。经预测,当聚乳酸质量浓度为77.79 mg/mL、理论载药量(质量分数)为51.06%、搅拌速率为560.91 r/min时,总评"归一值"理论值达到最大(0.681 1)。依据上述较佳条件制备的微球总评"归一值"实测值为0.630 8,与理论预测值的偏差为-5.03%,其中包封率为84.49%,粒径7.19μm,跨距为1.134,5 d释放率为52.95%。微球表面光滑,DSC测试结果表明,其有效成分与微球骨架结合完好。表明研究建立的数学模型可用来预测多杀菌素·甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐聚乳酸微球的较优配方。     

环腺苷酸受体蛋白基因的过表达对刺糖多孢菌生长和多杀菌素合成的影响

【目的】利用全局性调控因子环腺苷酸受体蛋白（cyclic AMP receptor protein,Crp）基因在刺糖多孢菌（Saccharopolyspora spinosa）中的过量表达,研究其对刺糖多孢菌生长及形态方面的影响,促进多杀菌素的生物合成。【方法】PCR扩增环腺苷酸受体蛋白基因（crp）,通过限制性酶切、连接方法构建中间载体pOJ260-cm-P_ermE-crp,使crp置于红霉素增强型启动子P_ermE的控制下;PCR扩增P_ermE-crp基因片段,利用Red/ET同源重组技术将P_ermE-crp亚克隆至实验室保藏的大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭载体pUC-spn上,构建成Crp表达载体pUC-spn-P_ermE-crp。然后,采用接合转移方法将重组载体pUC-spn-P_ermE-crp导入野生型刺糖多孢菌中,通过单交换同源重组将其整合至刺糖多孢菌染色体上,以染色体上整合了原始质粒pUC-spn的刺糖多孢菌作为对照菌株。利用PCR扩增阿伯拉霉素抗性基因及目的基因的方法鉴定阳性接合子;观察工程菌株及对照菌株在不同固体培养基中的生长及菌落形态差异,同时比较工程菌株及对照菌株在液体培养基中的生长情况,测定生长曲线。借用扫描电子显微镜观察工程菌株及对照菌株的菌丝体形态;采用高效液相色谱检测工程菌株及对照菌株中多杀菌素生物合成情况。【结果】采用分子生物学方法成功构建了Crp重组表达载体pUC-spn-P_ermE-crp,并通过接合转移导入到刺糖多孢菌中;PCR检测结果显示,工程菌株作为模板扩增出长约2 kb的cm-P_ermE-crp目的条带,说明crp已成功整合到刺糖多孢菌染色体上,并且获得的重组工程菌株S. spinosa-Crp遗传性能稳定。在BHI培养基和ISP-2培养基上,工程菌株S. spinosa-Crp孢子萌发及形成速率与对照菌株S. spinosa-1相比均有所延迟,但在R6培养基上两者生长速率及菌落形态无明显差异。与对照菌株S. spinosa-1相比,液体培养基中工程菌株S. spinosa-Crp二次生长现象消失,且生物量略高于S. spinosa-1。扫描电子显微镜结果显示工程菌株菌丝片段化程度较高,分支较少,有利于提高工程菌株S摇瓶发酵结果表明,工程菌株中的多杀菌素产量与对照菌株相比提高了128%。. spinosa-Crp发酵过程中的溶氧水平。【结论】crp的过量表达对刺糖多孢菌的菌丝形态及生长产生一定影响,并有效促进刺糖多孢菌中多杀菌素的生物合成,为通过其他正调控基因的超量表达促进多杀菌素的生物合成奠定了基础。     

植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响

为研究不同种类植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响,探索提高多杀菌素产量的方法,在发酵培养基中分别添加葵花油、花生油、大豆油、芝麻油、橄榄油和菜籽油,研究了其对菌体生长、脂肪酶活性和多杀菌素产量的影响,并利用RT-PCR对脂肪酶基因及多杀菌素合成相关基因的转录水平进行分析。结果表明:6种供试植物油对菌体生长和多杀菌素产量的影响程度不同,依次为菜籽油橄榄油花生油芝麻油葵花油大豆油,其中菜籽油有利于诱导脂肪酶的表达、延缓菌体的衰亡和延长产素期,脂肪酶活力、菌体生物量和多杀菌素产量分别提高310.09%、8.97%和33.94%;脂肪酶基因和多杀菌素合成基因的转录强度也有明显提高。因此,菜籽油是其最佳的辅助性脂类碳源。     

多杀菌素高效液相色谱分析

本文建立了一种多杀菌素的高效液相色谱定量分析方法。以甲醇 乙腈 水为流动相，C18和紫外检测器进行测定。结果表明本方法的标准偏差为0.0026，变异系数为0.30%，相关系数r=0.9998，平均回收率为99.92%。     

多杀菌素亚致死浓度对小菜蛾解毒酶系活力的影响

采用多杀菌素亚致死浓度,以浸叶法分别处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)敏感种群(SS)和亚致死选育种群 的3龄幼虫,分别测定饲喂处理6、12、24、48和72 h后小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST) 和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)的活性,分析了酶活性的变化动态。结果表明,SS种群小菜蛾CarE的活性在不同时间段波动较大,经多杀菌素处理后,开始时段比活力增加,随着处理时间的延长,比活力逐渐被抑制,Sub-SS种群的GarE活力高于SS种群;多杀菌素对GST具有明显的诱导作用,亚致死浓度处理后GSTs比活力呈上升趋势,且具有一定的时间效应;对细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,多杀菌素亚致死浓度连续处理5代后,该酶活性更低。     

多杀菌素对小菜蛾体内多功能氧化酶和保幼激素酯酶活力的影响

采用生化分析方法,测定了不同浓度多杀菌素(spinosad)处理后小菜蛾体内多功能氧化酶(mixed-function oxidases/,MFO s)和保幼激素酯酶(juvenile hormone esterase,JHE)的活性,分析了酶活性的变化动态。结果表明,小菜蛾体内MFO s和JHE活性变化趋势受多杀菌素浓度影响。用LC50浓度处理后其保幼激素滴度变化趋势与对照相似,用LC80浓度处理后保幼激素滴度降低,并且滴度高峰出现时间比对照有所提前。不同浓度多杀菌素对氧化酶O-脱甲基活力的影响具有时间效应,用LC20浓度处理后的活力曲线上升拐点出现在24h,LC50浓度处理的则出现在12h。除LC80浓度处理在36h时活力值高于对照外,多杀菌素各处理都能抑制氧化酶N-脱甲基活力。高剂量(LC50、LC80)作用后小菜蛾体内保幼激素降解率与氧化酶N-或O-脱甲基活力有相似的变化趋势。