Lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson)

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.     

小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性筛选及遗传方式分析

通过室内筛选试验,评估了小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性风险,并对抗性遗传和交互抗性进行初步研究.以采自广东深圳小菜蛾为起始种群(SZ),在室内筛选26代, 获得1个中等抗性水平的品系(SZ-Spin).该品系与SZ品系相比,抗性提高到22.4倍,与PHI-S敏感品系相比抗性达到60.7倍.在筛选过程中,小菜蛾对多杀菌素平均抗性现实遗传力较低(0.09),表明小菜蛾对多杀菌素产生抗性的速度较慢.SZ-Spin抗性品系与PHI-S敏感品系正、反交试验结果表明,小菜蛾对多杀菌素的抗性为不完全隐性、常染色体遗传.SZ-Spin抗性品系对阿维菌素、氟虫腈、杀虫单没有交互抗性.     

拟无枝酸菌宿主构建及次级代谢基因簇异源表达

为将生长快、发酵时间短、遗传操作便捷的稀有放线菌拟无枝酸菌TNS106开发成异源表达宿主,通过同源重组将内源的瑞斯托霉素生物合成关键基因rpsA替换为ΦC31和ΦBT1噬菌体细菌附着位点attB,清除代谢背景并引入整合位点,得到菌株HXR1;将含有来自天蓝色链霉菌的放线紫红素基因簇或来自刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素基因簇的质粒转到HXR1进行异源表达,检测发酵产物。结果显示,HXR1成功表达放线紫红素和多杀菌素;与红色糖多孢菌宿主LJ161相比,放线紫红素的产生提前1 d,产量提高1.3倍。拟无枝酸菌异源表达宿主HXR1可为从链霉菌和稀有放线菌中发现新的次级代谢产物提供有用的平台。     

刺糖多孢菌分批发酵动力学研究

利用摇瓶培养试验研究了刺糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora spinosa的分批培养过程中生物量、培养液pH、葡萄糖消长、多杀菌素含量等因素的变化规律。利用MATLAB软件对试验数据进行非线性回归,拟合出了细胞生长动力学模型、基质消耗动力学模型和产物生成动力学模型,得到了细胞生长量、残糖量、多杀菌素产量在发酵过程中随时间变化的规律,相关系数分别为0．98934、0．99266和0．98635．拟合曲线95％置信度区间分析的结果表明,该模型能够很好的反映出刺糖多孢菌分批发酵的过程．     

多杀菌素低剂量处理对小菜蛾卵体积和生殖力的影响

为了解多杀菌素对小菜蛾的低剂量应激效应,采用多杀菌素LC25和LC50处理敏感小菜蛾3龄幼虫,比较其对小菜蛾及其子代雌虫的产卵量、卵体积及生殖力.结果表明:LC25和LC50处理后,小菜蛾雌虫的产卵量明显少于对照组的产卵量(110.19粒/雌),差异达显著水平,LC50处理的卵体积也显著小于对照的(0.980 7×10...     

多杀菌素发酵培养基的研究

【目的】以刺糖多孢菌C4-10-8B为试验菌株,对多杀菌素发酵培养基进行优化,以提高刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素发酵产量。【方法】采用单因素和多因素试验,分别考察了不同碳源、氮源、前体、无机盐和微量元素对多杀菌素生物合成的影响,最后通过正交试验综合考察发酵培养基中各组分对多杀菌素产量的影响。【结果】葡萄糖是较优碳源,最佳质量浓度为40.0 g/L,当葡萄糖与糊精(质量比5∶2)复配时,多杀菌素产量较对照培养基提高18.35%;棉籽蛋白为最优氮源,25.0 g/L棉籽蛋白与15.0 g/L玉米蛋白胨或0.6 g/L硫酸铵复配时,多杀菌素产量分别较对照提高40.0%和45.3%;乙酸钠和谷氨酰胺质量浓度为1.0 g/L时,均能使多杀菌素产量较对照提高21.5%;K2HPO4对多杀菌素合成有明显的促进作用,在其质量浓度为2.5 g/L时,多杀菌素产量较对照提高24.5%;ZnCl2对多杀菌素合成也有促进作用,而MgSO4和CoCl2则显著抑制多杀菌素合成;通过2次正交试验获得最优发酵培养基,利用该培养基时多杀菌素产量可达395.54μg/mL,比对照提高了62.5%。【结论】多杀菌素生物合成的最优发酵培养基为:葡萄糖50.0 g/L,棉籽蛋白25.0 g/L,玉米蛋白胨20.0 g/L,(NH4)2SO40.8 g/L,谷氨酰胺1.25 g/L,乙酸钠0.8 g/L,NaCl 3.0 g/L,K2HPO42.5 g/L,FeSO450.0 mg/L,ZnCl225.0 mg/L,CaCO31.0 g/L。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of spinosad against the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar

The toxicity of the naturally derived insecticide spinosad was tested against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Bioassays using red oak leaf disks, treated with spinosad in a Potter spray tower, yielded an LC₅₀ value of 0.0015 µg AI cm⁻² (3‐day exposure; 13‐day evaluation; 2nd instar larvae). Applied to foliage to run‐off in the laboratory (potted red oak seedlings) and the field (4 m‐tall birch trees), spinosad effectively controlled 2nd instar larvae at concentrations ranging from 3 to 50 mg litre⁻¹. Toxicity in the laboratory, and efficacy and persistence in the field, were comparable to those achieved with the insecticide permethrin. Laboratory studies supported field observations that control was achieved in part by knockdown due to paralysis. In addition, laboratory results demonstrated that crawling contact activity may play an important role in field efficacy; 50% of treated larvae were paralyzed 16 h after a 2‐min crawling exposure to glass coated with a 4 mg litre⁻¹ spinosad solution. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

多杀菌素微球制备关键工艺研究:Ⅱ

采用乳化-溶剂挥发法,以聚乳酸(PLA)为成球材料(壁材)制备了多杀菌素微球。研究了PLA浓度和油/水相体积比对多杀菌素微球制备的影响规律,确定了制备多杀菌素微球的优选配方及工艺条件。制备得到中位径(D50)为12.73 μm、跨距为1.4811、载药量在31%左右、包封率为100.2%、包封产率为89.4%的多杀菌素微球,重复性良好。扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果表明,所得微球为表面较光滑的实心小圆球。差示扫描量热(DSC)分析结果证实,多杀菌素和PLA的确形成了载药微球。室内毒力测定结果表明,自制5%多杀菌素微球悬浮剂与市售2.5%多杀菌素悬浮 剂(菜喜)对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 2龄幼虫的毒力基本相同,LC50值分别为0.40和0.38 μg/mL。     

超高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的残留

建立了土壤中多杀菌素(spinosad)A和D以及乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)J和L残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。土壤样品经乙腈-5%氯化钠溶液-1 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液提取,固相萃取柱净化,UPLC检测,外标法定量。结果表明:土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的定量限分别为0.1和0.05 mg/kg;最小检出量分别为8.0×10-7和2.8×10-7g;在0.1~2 mg/kg添加水平下,多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为89%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.1%~4.9%;在0.05~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,乙基多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为86%~93%,RSDs为1.2%~8.1%。该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。