浑善达克沙地东部地区天然水体的水化学组成及其控制因素

浑善达克沙地东部地区位于内蒙古高原,其天然水体为淡水。利用原始型Durov三线图对其天然水体进行水化学分类,结果表明,地表水水化学类型属于碳酸氢盐组,而地下水属于碳酸氢盐组、混合组和硫酸盐组多种类型。天然水体样品在Gibbs图中的分布表明,岩性控制是形成该地区天然水体水化学组成的主要因素,这种情况不同于我国西部和中部沙漠由于蒸发强烈而受控于蒸发-结晶作用的天然水体。天然水体的离子比例关系表明,地下水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较高,而碳酸盐岩风化程度低,这可能是由于地下水的水-岩作用时间长、二氧化碳供给不充分引起的;相反,由于水-岩作用时间短、二氧化碳供给充分,地表水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较低,而碳酸盐岩风化程度高。     

中国含笑属植物繁殖技术研究及其应用

综述了中国木兰科含笑属植物繁殖技术研究及其应用,探讨了今后的研究方向和重点.     

不同绿化树种的降温增湿效应

以哈尔滨市常见的26种主要绿化树种为研究对象,利用LCA-4型红外气体分析系统,观测了绿化树种7月的降温增湿效应.结果表明:不同树种的降温增湿效应存在差异.乔木树种中,白桦日释水总量最大(1 963.44 g/m2),樟子松最低(252.72 g/m2);小乔木树种中,文冠果的日释水总量最大(2 877.12 g/m2),野梨和稠李较低;灌木树种的日蒸腾释水总量和日蒸腾吸热总量差异较大.     

滇东北铅锌矿区废弃地的自然演替特征研究

为探究矿区废弃地的自然演替特征,于2020年10月对滇东北两铅锌矿区废弃地进行植物群落调查和群落土样采集分析。结果表明:两区均受到较严重的重金属污染,土壤Pb、Mn、Zn、Cu和Cd的含量均超过相关背景值。其中,两区土壤Pb和Zn以及富乐镇矿区土壤Mn和Cd的有效态占比大体上都呈现随演替进行而降低的趋势,富乐镇矿区土壤Cu的有效态占比呈现随演替发生而先增后减的趋势,矿山镇矿区土壤Mn、Cu和Cd的有效态占比在不同演替阶段呈现不规则波动。两区土壤全氮随着演替的发生均呈现先增后减的趋势;两区土壤全磷含量变化趋势不同,矿山镇矿区呈现持续增加,富乐镇矿区则呈现先减后增;两区土壤有机质含量都呈现持续增加的趋势。在矿山镇矿区中,Pb和Zn、Pb和SOM呈极显著正相关性,Pb和TP、Mn和TN、Cd和TN、Zn和SOM、SOM和TN呈显著正相关性,Pb和Cu、Zn和Cu、Cu和SOM、Cu和TP呈显著负相关性。在富乐镇矿区中,Pb和Zn呈极显著正相关性,Zn和Mn、Zn和Cu、Zn和SOM、Pb和TP、SOM和TN呈显著正相关性,Pb和Cu、Zn和Cd、Cu和Cd呈显著负相关性。研究表明,矿区次生演替过程与废弃农田和灾后森林等生境的次生演替过程相似,土壤重金属元素的有效态会随演替发生而降低。研究结果可为矿区废弃地的自然恢复提供参考借鉴。     

呼伦湖秀丽白虾的营养成分分析及营养评价

对内蒙古呼伦湖秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)营养成分进行了分析。结果显示,呼伦湖秀丽白虾鲜样水分含量为76.74%,蛋白质含量为18.84%,脂肪含量为1.95%,总糖含量为1.30%,灰分含量为1.18%。氨基酸(AA)总量为16.25%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为7.33%,鲜味氨基酸(FTAA)总量为5.76%。呼伦湖秀丽白虾肌肉中共有25种脂肪酸(FA),其中EPA和DHA的含量均比较高,分别为15.66%和7.79%。脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)为27.15%,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)为30.76%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为36.49%。脂类分析结果显示甘油二酯(DG)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、胆固醇(Cho)和磷脂(PL)占总脂的比例分别为12.65%、3.51%、28.47%、0.18%和55.19%。     

日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响

采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。     

Lipid characterization of both wild and cultured eggs of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) throughout the embryonic development

The present work reports a characterization of mean wet weight and moisture, the lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition from the total lipids (TL), of both culture and wild eggs of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis , throughout the embryonic development. Additionally, reproductive data, such as the number of spawnings, number and mean weight of eggs and duration of spawning period of cultured cuttlefish is provided. Both types of eggs were similar in mean wet weight, moisture content, TL content and lipid composition throughout embryonic development. Females from the cultured group spawned 13 times and laid 8654 eggs in 64 days, with a mean weight of 0.607 ± 0.179 g. A sex ratio of 1.57 (11♀ for 7♂) promoted an individual fecundity of 787 eggs/♀ (the biggest until now on our culture facilities), which might be related to increased bottom areas. The TL increased with day/stage of embryonic development ( P  < 0.05) only in the cultured egg group. However, no differences were found on TL between culture and wild eggs at the same day/stage ( P  > 0.05). Eggs displayed predominant levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cholesterol and triacylglycerol at the end of embryonic development. Polar and neutral lipids of both eggs groups remained consistently proportional (∼50% for each lipid fraction) and a significant increase ( P  < 0.05) was observed in phosphatidylserine, PE and free FA throughout the embryonic development. In either egg type and day, 16:0, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 accounted for approximately 70 g Kg⁻¹ of all FA and saturated and n-3 totals seemed to have the same proportion in the cuttlefish eggs. The present results suggest that lipids are not used as energetic substrate but as structural components in cuttlefish egg.     

海南岛近岸海域鱼类物种组成和多样性的季节变动

根据2006年～2007年间在海南岛近岸海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域鱼类物种组成和生物多样性特征。发现该海域鱼类种类较为丰富,调查共采集到鱼类292种,隶属于21目100科172属;其中暖水性种类数占83.32%,暖温性种类数占16.78%;与中国黄渤海共有种76种,与东海共有种220种,与南海大陆架、大陆坡和南海诸岛海域共有种分别为279种、42种和51种。鱼类优势种[相对重要性指数（IRI）〉500]依次为发光鲷（Acropoma japonicum）、斑鳍天竺鱼（Apogonichthys carinatus）、黄斑鲾（Leiognathus bindus）、皮氏叫姑鱼（Johnius belengeri）、大头白姑鱼（Argyrosomus macrocephalus）、（Therapon theraps）、棕斑腹刺鲀（Gas-trophysus spadiceus）和麦氏犀鳕（Bregmaceros macclellandi）。以生物量为基础采用5个指数研究了该海域鱼类多样性现状,并采用季节更替指数（AI）和迁移指数（MI）对各季节鱼类群落的稳定性进行了分析。结果显示,该海域鱼类多样性水平较高,相邻季节的鱼类物种相似性也较高,随着鱼类的洄游,群落的稳定性出现较大波动。     

Fish assemblages in the Southern California Current: relationships with climate, 1951–2008

We examined the dominant patterns of variability in the fish fauna of the southern California Current based on a principal component (PC) analysis of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations ichthyoplankton data set, 1951–2008. Eighty‐six taxa were analyzed, including all ecologically dominant fish species, both exploited and unexploited. The first three PCs accounted for 20.5, 12.4 and 6.8% of the variance of the data, respectively (total: 39.7%). Each was dominated by taxa from particular adult or larval habitats. PC 1 predominantly represented the coherent response of 24 mesopelagic taxa from 10 families and was most highly correlated with long‐term trends in midwater oxygen levels. PC 2 was dominated by six of the seven most abundant ichthyoplankton taxa in the region, predominantly California Current endemics including key pelagic species (northern anchovy, Pacific sardine and Pacific hake), rockfishes (genus Sebastes) and two midwater taxa. It was correlated primarily with sea surface temperature and exhibited a significant declining trend. PC 3 was dominated by coastal and reef‐associated fishes with predominantly southerly affinities. It was positively correlated with sea surface temperature and sea level height, a proxy for diminished flow of the California Current. The taxa dominating PCs 2 and 3 mostly spatially co‐occur as ichthyoplankton. These results suggest that fish assemblages in the California Current are predominantly influenced by environmental forcing of their ocean habitats as adults or larvae, or both.     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.