Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

风水复合侵蚀下锡林河流域不同管理方式 草地表土粒度特征

结合锡林河流域风水侵蚀情况,对锡林河流域围封天然草地、放牧草地、封育种植草地表层(0~5 cm)土壤粒度特征及其与风蚀、水蚀关系进行研究,结果表明:封育种植草地较放牧和天然草地在降低土壤风蚀和水蚀方面均起到了较明显的作用;锡林河流域草地表层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其所占比例为75%~82%,放牧草地较天然草地及封育种植草地土壤粒度粗化明显,封育种植草地中蒙古冰草+草木樨草地土壤颗粒分选性较差,其余草地土壤颗粒分选性均为中等;研究区内粒径在160μm左右土壤颗粒为易受侵蚀土壤颗粒;研究区土壤粒度组成特征与风蚀、水蚀均有明显相关性,尤其与近地面20 cm风速和径流产流总量联系最为密切。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

陕北安塞退耕恢复15年刺槐林与自然植被的物种组成与群落特征

为探讨陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕恢复15年后刺槐人工林及自然植被的恢复特征,对安塞县三个流域"退耕还林"后栽植的15年左右刺槐林与林下植被及对应的自然恢复植被进行了调查与分析。结果表明:刺槐林下发现植物60种,隶属于27个科,49个属,以禾本科、菊科、豆科、蔷薇科植物居多;自然植被样地发现植物62种,隶属于21科49属,菊科、豆科和禾本科植物最多;无论刺槐林下还是自然植被,生长型多为一年生草本和多年生草本,水分生态型以旱生和旱中生植物为主,生活型方面地面芽植物占据优势地位;刺槐林下以狗尾草、赖草、牻牛儿苗、铁杆蒿、阿尔泰狗娃花及长芒草等为优势群落,而自然坡面以白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿、阿尔泰狗娃花、长芒草及草木犀状黄耆等为优势群落;在阳坡自然恢复植被的群落盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性指数显著高于刺槐人工林(p0.05),而在阴坡二者差异不显著;认为在黄土丘陵沟壑区,阳坡刺槐林的植被恢复应考虑到林木生长对林下层的抑制作用,对现存郁闭度过高的林分应及时进行间伐管理以促进下层植被生长,合理进行乔、灌、草的配置,丰富群落层次结构,提升刺槐林生态功能。     

国内苹果膳食纤维的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,饮食日趋精细,缺乏膳食纤维的情况也日趋严重,膳食纤维资源的开发和应用成为研究热点。从化学构成、提取工艺、改性应用等方面综述了苹果膳食纤维,论述了提取中各工艺的特点,并介绍了不同提取方法的最佳工艺。     

浸泡法制备富含多肽发芽糙米的工艺优化

以糙米为原料,在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken响应曲面法确定不同浓度金属离子及生长素对发芽糙米中多肽富集量的工艺研究。结果表明,最佳培养液组分为NaCl 3.61 mmol/L,CaCl_2 21.63 mmol/L,MnSO_41.54 mmol/L,GA_3 41.37μmol/L,在此条件下培养的发芽糙米中多肽质量分数达到8.19 mg/g,分别是对照和原料糙米的2.21(3.72 mg/g)倍和2.57(3.19 mg/g)倍。     

中药细辛的研究进展

细辛为常用传统中药,活性成分复杂。细辛不但具有广泛的药理作用,还具有抗农业害虫和抗植物霉菌病害等作用,本文主要对其资源分布、化学成份和生物活性等进行归纳总结。     

草本园林植物耐盐性研究进展

本文分别对草本园林植物在盐胁迫下植物的形态指标和生理生化指标的反应进行了概述,探求不同植物在盐分胁迫下的适应表现如何,并进一步评价了植物耐盐品种在盐碱地对丰富园林景观起到的作用,以便为盐碱地园林植物景观的建设提供参考,对能够满足于园林绿地景观评价指标体系的构建具有现实意义。     

硫素对不同基因型大豆球蛋白组成及含量的影响

为了探讨施硫量对不同基因型大豆7S和11S球蛋白亚基组成及含量的影响,寻找不同基因型大豆品种最佳施硫水平,以期提高大豆籽粒球蛋白的含量,改善期品质。选用在黑龙江省种植面积较大的‘黑农48’（高蛋白）、‘黑农37’（中间型）和‘黑农44’（高油）3种大豆作为试验材料。采用盆栽种植,每个品种设S1、S2、S3、S4 4个S处理（即每千克土壤分别施单质硫0、0.02、0.04、0.06 g）。采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳方法,对成熟大豆籽粒球蛋白亚基组成和含量2个指标进行研究。结果表明：在3个大豆品种中,7S球蛋白由α′、α、γ、β 4个亚基组成;11S球蛋白由酸性亚基和碱性亚基组成;各种亚基分子量在品种间的差异不显著。同一品种不同处理中均以S3水平下蛋白含量最高,对不同品种施用硫肥时,以高油品种提高球蛋白含量效果显著。施用硫肥对3个大豆品种的7S和11S球蛋白各种亚基组成都没有影响,对分子量的大小影响很小。施用硫肥对3个大豆品种中的7S和11S球蛋白和亚基含量有显著影响,适宜的施用硫肥有利于提高各品种球蛋白和亚基的含量。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤处理对鲜切荸荠褐变及活性氧代谢的影响

为探究不同浓度6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)处理对鲜切荸荠褐变及活性氧代谢的影响,以桂蹄3号新鲜荸荠为试材,采用浓度分别为100、200、400 mg/L的6-BA浸泡鲜切荸荠3 min,以纯水浸泡处理为对照(CK),测定贮藏过程中总酚、类黄酮、醌、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量变化以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等相关指标.结果表明:与对照相比,6-BA处理减少了总酚、类黄酮、醌类等呈色物质的积累,进而有效抑制了鲜切荸荠褐变,维持了鲜切荸荠贮藏期间的色泽,同时降低了PPO、POD和PAL等褐变相关酶活性;此外,6-BA处理抑制了鲜切荸荠中MDA和H2O2含量,提高了贮藏期间CAT和SOD活性,进而提升了鲜切荸荠在贮藏期间的品质.通过对比不同浓度6-BA处理效果可知,400 mg/L 6-BA处理在抑制鲜切荸荠褐变及活性氧代谢方面效果最好.