秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土水盐分布及蒸发特征

为了揭示秸秆覆盖滨海盐渍土水盐调控机理,通过室内模拟实验研究了不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 kg/m²分别由CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表示)对土壤水盐运移和蒸发强度的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高表层及土壤剖面含水率,且增墒效果随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加:试验期间秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D剖面平均含水率比CK依次高了41.2%、52.3%、65.7%和58.5%;秸秆覆盖可抑制表层土壤盐分积聚并有效调控土壤剖面盐分分布,秸秆覆盖量越大表层积盐量越低,土壤剖面盐分分布越趋于均衡:试验结束时,CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表层0~2 cm土壤电导率比3~5 cm电导率分别高了246.3%、242.8%、138.4%、40.5%和47.6%;土壤蒸发强度和累积蒸发量随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而降低:试验期间CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D处理平均蒸发强度依次为1.79×10^-3、1.64×10^-3、0.93×10^-3、1.35×10^-3和0.76×10^-3mm/min,累积蒸发量分别为17.79、20.30、14.20、14.57和10.27 mm,且蒸发初期秸秆覆盖对蒸发强度和累积蒸发量的抑制作用更明显。     

云南降水的5个统计指标及其空间分布

利用云南29个气象站1960-2014年的日降水数据,计算集中指数(Concentration Index,CI)、降水集中指数(Precipitation Concentration Index,PCI)、降水集中度(Precipitation Concentration Degree,PCD)、降水集中期(Precipitation Concentration Period,PCP)、变差系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)5个统计指标,分析了各指标之间的关系,并讨论了各指标的空间分布。结果表明:(1)CI介于0.62~0.71之间,平均为0.67,日降水高度集中。CI与年降水量、降水日数的相关系数分别为-0.50、-0.93,具有显著的负相关关系(α=0.05),年降水量和降水日数较少的地区,CI较大。CI与经度的相关系数为0.64,具有显著的正相关关系(α=0.05)。(2)PCI介于11.95~21.48之间,其中,3%的站点降水高度集中,52%的站点降水集中,45%的站点降水中度集中。PCD介于0.30~0.74之间,滇西北和滇东南地区的PCD较小。PCP的分析结果表明,云南降水主要集中在7、8月份。(3)CI和PCI、PCD分别关注降水的等级分布和集中程度,PCP则关注集中的时间段。PCI与PCD的空间分布情况基本上是一致的,且二者的相关系数为0.90,具有显著的正相关关系(α=0.05),故二者在一定程度上可以相互替换。采用CI、PCI和PCP 3种指标可以较好地描述降水的年内等级分布、集中程度和集中时段。(4)CV介于0.11~0.21之间,降水的年际变化随着纬度的减小、年降水量的增多呈减小的趋势,相关系数分别为0.39、-0.74;而年降水量随着海拔和纬度的升高呈下降的趋势,相关系数分别为-0.45、-0.53。     

混合动力汽车制动控制策略的研究

提出一种基于ECE法规和理想制动力分配曲线的制动能量回收控制策略。利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建控制策略模型,并在AVL Cruise中进行联合仿真。通过NEDC工况仿真,证明所提出的制动能量回收控制策略能有效提高混合动力汽车的续航里程。最后通过实车试验,进一步验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

‘苯磺隆’对不同谷子品种叶片光合特性的影响

为探明除草剂‘苯磺隆’对不同谷子品种叶片光合特性的影响,以9个谷子品种为供试材料,10%‘苯磺隆’可湿性粉剂为供试药剂,分别设置112.5(T₁),225.0(T₂,推荐用量)和450.0 g/hm²(T₃)3个用量,以等量清水作为对照(CK),处理21 d后,测定谷子倒2叶的光合荧光参数。结果表明:1)T₁处理未对供试谷子品种的光合系统造成显著影响。2)T₂处理下,‘张杂谷10号’、‘张杂谷13号’、‘黄金谷’和‘龙谷39号’的净光合速率(P_n)与CK相比差异不显著;‘锦谷5号’、‘晋谷21号’、‘中谷9号’、‘豫谷18号’和‘冀谷35号’的P_n分别降低50.64%、60.91%、43.74%、49.62%和54.82%。3)T₃处理下,‘张杂谷13号’和‘龙谷39号’的光合荧光参数与CK无显著差异。‘豫谷18号’和‘晋谷21号’的非调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NO)分别高出CK 129.17%和60.87%。‘锦谷5号’、‘黄金谷’和‘张杂谷10号’的调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))分别升高13.73%、10.00%和12.28%。‘晋谷21号’和‘中谷9号’的非光化学反应耗散的份额(E_x)分别高出CK 48.39%和113.33%。而PSII实际光合效率(Y(II))、绝对电子传递速率(ETR(II))、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、吸收光能用于光化学反应的份额(P)和P_n显著低于CK。‘冀谷35号’和‘龙谷39号’的PSI由于供体限制引起的非光化学能量耗散的量子产量(Y(ND))均高出CK 300.00%,‘晋谷21号’的PSI的实际光合效率(Y(I))和PSI的相对电子传递速率(ETR(I))分别比CK降低45.95%和45.26%,‘黄金谷’的Y(I)和ETR(I)分别比CK降低43.59%和43.13%。4)综上所述,T₁处理对所有供试品种的光合系统影响较小。T₂处理,所有供试品种均可通过热耗散消耗多余的激发能。T₃处理,‘张杂谷13号’和‘龙谷39号’的光合系统基本正常;‘晋谷21号’和‘豫谷18号’的光合系统受损伤较严重;其余品种虽然受损伤相对较轻,但叶片的光合色素含量降低,电子传递受阻,能量分配失衡,影响谷子叶片的光合速率。     

大鹏澳网箱养殖区底质硫化物分布、变化和污染分析

为进一步了解粤东海水网箱渔场硫化物污染特征,研究了大鹏澳网箱养殖海域底质硫化物的空间分布、季节变化和污染状况。结果表明,底质硫化物含量(mg·kg~(-1),干重)在网箱区内(为344～949,平均624)远高于网箱区外(为142～278,平均212),春夏季(平均694)显著高于秋冬季(平均554)(P<0.02)。研究海域底质硫化物含量与有机质含量正相关(r+0.704,P<0.05),其中夏季相关最显著(r=0.818,P<0.02)。硫化物平均污染指数1.57,老化风险级别为4级,说明沉积环境已达到重污染,已面临很大的老化风险。     

Predicting summer fin whale distribution in the Pelagos Sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean Sea) to identify dynamic whale–vessel collision risk areas

1. Mediterranean fin whales aggregating in the Pelagos Sanctuary in summer to feed are exposed to vessel collision risk, particularly from high-speed ferries.
2. This study developed models to predict summer fin whale distribution using a generalized additive model (GAM) and MaxEnt, with the aim of providing a tool to identify potential high whale–ferry collision risk areas along ferry routes within the Pelagos Sanctuary during summertime.
3. Models were trained using sightings data collected in the summer months of 2009–2018 on board ferries crossing the central area of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Environmental predictors were bathymetry and mean sea surface chlorophyll concentration of the annual spring bloom period.
4. The predictive ability of GAM and MaxEnt was assessed using existing knowledge of summer fin whale distribution in the region. GAM (deviance explained = 20.2%) predictions matched documented distributions more closely than that of MaxEnt, with highest predicted fin whale occurrence in deep offshore waters (>2000 m) encompassing the central north-western and western regions, and in the south-eastern region, consistent with known fin whale habitats within the Pelagos Sanctuary. Inter-annual variability was evident, influencing collision risk areas.
5. Collision risk was estimated as a function of the overlap between the predicted probability of fin whale occurrence and ferry density estimated from Automated Identification System data. Ferry routes that cross the northern and eastern regions of the Pelagos Sanctuary presented relatively higher collision risk.
6. Areas with changes in risk intensity between the years were temporally and spatially dynamic: some appeared intermittently throughout the study period while others persisted over consecutive years or recurred in different years.
7. Due to the vastness of the Pelagos Sanctuary, vessel speed reduction maybe a more practical measure to manage collision risk than re-routing shipping lanes. A combination of Seasonal Management Areas and Dynamic Management Areas approaches could be adopted for high-risk areas.

     

The Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Europe—2011–2013

During the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) epidemic, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) collected data on SBV occurrence across Europe in order to provide an assessment of spread and impact. By May 2013, twenty-nine countries were reporting to EFSA and twenty-two countries had reported cases of SBV. The total number of SBV herds reported was 13,846 and the number of SBV laboratory confirmed herds was 8730. The surveillance activities were based on the detection of SBV clinical cases (either adults or newborns). Malformation in newborns was the most commonly reported clinical sign of SBV-infection. All countries were able to provide the date when the first suspicion of SBV in the herd was reported and nineteen could report the location of the herd at a regional level. This allowed the spread of SBV in Europe to be measured both temporally and spatially. The number of SBV confirmed herds started to increase in December 2011 and two peaks were observed in 2012 (February and May). Confirmed herds continued to be reported in 2012 and into 2013. An increase during winter 2012 and spring 2013 was again observed, but the number of confirmed herds was lower than in the previous year. SBV spread rapidly throughout Europe from the initial area of detection. SBV was detected above the latitude of 60° North, which exceeds the northern expansion observed during the bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic in 2006–2009. The impact of SBV was calculated as ratio of the number of herds with at least one malformed SBV positive foetus and the total number of herds in this region. The 75th percentile of the malformations ratio in the various affected countries for the whole reporting period was below 1% and 3% for cattle and sheep herds, respectively. International data collection on emerging diseases represents a challenge as the nature of available data, data quality and the proportion of reported cases may vary widely between affected countries. Surveillance activities on emerging animal diseases are often structured only for case detection making the estimation of infection/diseases prevalence and the investigation of risk factors difficult. The impact of the disease must be determined to allow risk managers to take appropriate decisions. Simple within-herd impact indicators suitable for emerging disease outbreaks should be defined that could be measured as part of routine animal health surveillance programmes and allow for rapid and reliable impact assessment of emerging animal health diseases.     

Methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs

The in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) is the most commonly used test to detect anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of ruminants in pasture based systems. However, there are several variations on the method, some more appropriate than others in specific circumstances. While in some cases labour and time can be saved by just collecting post-drench faecal worm egg counts (FEC) of treatment groups with controls, or pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group with no controls, there are circumstances when pre- and post-drench FEC of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment groups are necessary. Computer simulation techniques were used to determine the most appropriate of several methods for calculating AR when there is continuing larval development during the testing period, as often occurs when anthelmintic treatments against genera of GIN with high biotic potential or high re-infection rates, such as Haemonchus contortus of sheep and Cooperia punctata of cattle, are less than 100% efficacious. Three field FECRT experimental designs were investigated: (I) post-drench FEC of treatment and controls groups, (II) pre- and post-drench FEC of a treatment group only and (III) pre- and post-drench FEC of treatment and control groups.To investigate the performance of methods of indicating AR for each of these designs, simulated animal FEC were generated from negative binominal distributions with subsequent sampling from the binomial distributions to account for drench effect, with varying parameters for worm burden, larval development and drench resistance. Calculations of percent reductions and confidence limits were based on those of the Standing Committee for Agriculture (SCA) guidelines. For the two field methods with pre-drench FEC, confidence limits were also determined from cumulative inverse Beta distributions of FEC, for eggs per gram (epg) and the number of eggs counted at detection levels of 50 and 25. Two rules for determining AR: (1) %reduction (%R) < 95% and lower confidence limit <90%; and (2) upper confidence limit <95%, were also assessed. For each combination of worm burden, larval development and drench resistance parameters, 1000 simulations were run to determine the number of times the theoretical percent reduction fell within the estimated confidence limits and the number of times resistance would have been declared.When continuing larval development occurs during the testing period of the FECRT, the simulations showed AR should be calculated from pre- and post-drench worm egg counts of an untreated control group as well as from the treatment group. If the widely used resistance rule 1 is used to assess resistance, rule 2 should also be applied, especially when %R is in the range 90 to 95% and resistance is suspected.     

水通道蛋白9的研究进展

水通道蛋白9在机体内许多器官组织中表达,它对水、尿素、甘油等分子均有通透性,其基因结构、染色体定位、蛋白质结构、组织分布和生理功能也已得到了较为深入的研究。本文对水通道蛋白9基因的结构特点、分子结构、分布和生理功能作一综述,以期为相关疾病诊治和生产实践提供理论依据。     

池塘细菌分布及昼夜变化规律的初步研究

池塘细菌的分布及昼夜变化规律受水、温、浮游生物、水体混合等综合因子影响。表层水细菌数量高于底层水，细菌的水平分布较为均一。但在风的作用下能产生一定差异。池塘表层水细菌数量有明显的昼夜变化，底层水细菌数量昼夜变化不显著。