Morphological variance and natural types' division of plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.

The phenotypic characteristics of the plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii such as stem form, branch angle, branch/stem ratio, branch density, the crown width, crown length, number of short branch over 5-cm branch segment in length, and the leaf number of each short branch were investigated in seed orchard in the Changcheng Mountain, Shaanxi Province. According to the morphological characters, the plus tree clones ofLarix principis-rupprechtii were classified into 4 natural types: the narrow-dense-crown type, wide-dense-crown type, wide-sparse-crown type, and the narrow-sparse-crown type. The result of the cluster analysis showed there was a very significant difference in tree growth among the four natural types. While comparing the tree growth of four natural types for the last ten years, it was found that the performance order of various types from good to bad is as follows: the narrow-dense crown type > the wide-dense crown type > the wide-sparse crown type > the narrow-sparse crown type. The plus trees of narrow-dense-crown, as a fine type, should be paid great attention to production and prepared to popularize. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, Senior engineer of Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Variation in juvenile traits of natural black poplar (Populus nigra L.) clones in Turkey

Natural black poplar (Populus nigra L.) clones sampled from river courses were tested in the arid southeast region of Turkey, using a randomized complete block field design with four replications. Clones were laid out in row plots of eight ramets each. Height and apical dominance were assessed at age one year; diameter, survival, bole straightness and branchiness were measured at age two years. Clones differed significantly in survival, growth and quality traits. The results showed that promising clones exist in natural populations. Two commercial clones out of four did not grow as fast as the top new selection clones. For bole straightness, three commercial clones had significantly lower grading scores than the top best 14 clones. Principal components analysis indicated that growth, apical dominance and branching are the most important traits distinguishing black poplar clones. Diameter had a moderate correlation (0.34) with bole straightness. Relationships between geographic variables (elevation, latitude and longitude) with growth and stem quality traits were weak. Considerable genetic variation was observed among clones for all the traits. Genetic differences among the clones accounted for 27% (survival, bole straightness) to 39% (height) of the total variance. Broad-sense individual heritability ranged from 0.27 (survival) to 0.37 (apical dominance). Clonal mean heritabilities were higher than individual heritabilities and ranged from 0.60 (survival) to 0.82 (diameter), implying considerable gain could be realized via selective improvement methods.     

SPSS软件在林业试验数据方差分析中的应用

简介SPSS软件及其方差分析功能。举例阐述单向分组、两向分组、系统分组及多元数据方差分析的数据录入及分析过程,认为SPSS软件的应用可提高林业科学试验数据统计分析的质量和效率。     

Estimates of genetic variance and variance of predicted genetic merits using pedigree or genomic relationship matrices in six Brown Swiss cattle populations for different traits

The amount of variance captured in genetic estimations may depend on whether a pedigree‐based or genomic relationship matrix is used. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variance as well as the variance of predicted genetic merits (PGM) using pedigree‐based or genomic relationship matrices in Brown Swiss cattle. We examined a range of traits in six populations amounting to 173 population‐trait combinations. A main aim was to determine how using different relationship matrices affect variance estimation. We calculated ratios between different types of estimates and analysed the impact of trait heritability and population size. The genetic variances estimated by REML using a genomic relationship matrix were always smaller than the variances that were similarly estimated using a pedigree‐based relationship matrix. The variances from the genomic relationship matrix became closer to estimates from a pedigree relationship matrix as heritability and population size increased. In contrast, variances of predicted genetic merits obtained using a genomic relationship matrix were mostly larger than variances of genetic merit predicted using pedigree‐based relationship matrix. The ratio of the genomic to pedigree‐based PGM variances decreased as heritability and population size rose. The increased variance among predicted genetic merits is important for animal breeding because this is one of the factors influencing genetic progress.     

基于EDEM数值模拟的沙棘滚筒筛设计

为解决沙棘浆果中含有杂质,导致浆果筛分含杂较高的问题,设计三层结构滚筒筛装置,并确定振动电机、减震弹簧等关键部件参数。其激振力为7 644 N,功率为3.24 kW,减震弹簧刚度8 047.3 N/m。使用EDEM离散元软件对滚筒筛的转速、倾角进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明:当滚筒筛转速、倾角为38 r/min、8°时,其筛分效率、含杂率为84.2%、6.98%。以转速、倾角两个因素为自变量,筛分效率、含杂率为指标进行方差分析,当滚筒筛转速为38 r/min、倾角为8°时是最优参数组合解,且筛分效率、含杂率分别为82%、8.7%。实测值与仿真试验的筛分效率相差2.2%,含杂率的相差1.72%。     

秦巴山地景观生态风险的时空分异

[目的] 科学评估秦巴山地景观生态风险,为区域内生态安全建设和可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以秦巴山地2000—2020年3期地表覆被数据为基础,应用空间分析法和地形分布指数法,定量地分析秦巴山地景观生态风险的时空特征,以及其在各地形梯度上的动态变化。[结果] ①秦巴山地景观生态风险整体偏低,空间差异特征显著,且存在着明显的空间集聚效应,呈东西两侧跟中间高,南北低的空间分布格局。②2000—2020年,秦巴山地景观生态风险呈下降趋势,低生态风险区明显扩张,高生态风险区显著缩小。③高生态风险多集中分布于海拔高、地形复杂或海拔低、地形平坦地区,低生态风险在中等地形梯度地区呈优势分布。[结论] 秦巴山地景观生态风险整体呈下降趋势,表明区域内生态环境质量有所提升;秦巴山地景观生态风险的空间分布格局受地形影响较大,且相对稳定。     

基于熵权TOPSIS的河南省农业水土资源承载力时空分异与关联分析

目前全球粮食生产面临巨大的挑战,作为我国重要的粮食输出大省,河南省的农业水土资源承载能力直接关系到我国的粮食安全。为客观反映河南农业水土资源承载力状况,通过构建熵权TOPSIS模型,对近10年河南省农业水土资源承载能力的时空动态变化做了定量研究,并对其影响因素进行了关联分析。结果表明:(1)2006—2018年,河南省农业水土资源承载力指数平均值0.266,承载力水平总体上升但波动较大,承载力指数最高值与最低值相差近1.26倍,除2018年外,绝大多数年份处于稳定水平; 濮阳、焦作、鹤壁农业水土资源承载力年均增长速率较快,均超过9%; 信阳和驻马店下降较多,年均分别下降8.49%和2.77%;(2)河南省农业水土资源承载力在空间上的分布规律为:豫北>豫南>豫东>豫西,其中郑州、新乡、信阳、商丘、许昌5市较高,开封、平顶山、漯河、鹤壁4市较低,研究时段内豫南农业水土资源承载力逐渐下降、豫北和豫东逐渐增高;(3)农作物受灾面积比例、本年度农林水利工程投资比例、废水处理率、农业水土资源匹配系数以及森林覆盖率是影响河南省农业水土资源承载力的主要因素。可见,为提升农业水土资源承载力,河南省应加强高标准基本农田建设,提高耕地的防灾抗灾能力,同时加大生态环境保护投入力度。     

Do model choice and sample ratios separately or simultaneously influence soil organic matter prediction?

This study was performed to examine the separate and simultaneous influence of predictive models’ choice alongside sample ratios selection in soil organic matter (SOM). The research was carried out in northern Morocco, characterized by relatively cold weather and diverse geological conditions. The dataset herein used accounted for 1591 soil samples, which were randomly split into the following ratios: 10% (～150 sample ratio), 20% (～250 sample ratio), 35% (～450 sample ratio), 50% (～600 sample ratio) and 95% (～1200 sample ratio). Models herein involved were ordinary kriging (OK), regression kriging (RK), multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), quantile regression forest (QRF), Gaussian process regression (GPR) and an ensemble model. The findings in the study showed that the accuracy of SOM prediction is sensitive to both predictive models and sample ratios. OK combined with 95% sample ratio performed equally to RF in conjunction with all the sample ratios, as the latter did not show much sensitivity to sample ratios. ANOVA results revealed that RF with a ～10% sample ratio could also be optimum for predicting SOM in the study area. In conclusion, the findings herein reported could be instrumental for producing cost-effective detailed and accurate spatial estimation of SOM in other sites. Furthermore, they could serve as a baseline study for future research in the region or elsewhere. Therefore, we recommend conducting series of simulation of all possible combinations between various predictive models and sample ratios as a preliminary step in soil organic matter prediction.     

棉花航天诱变农艺性状的变异分析

利用“实践八号”卫星搭载不同类型棉花(Gossypium spp)品种(系),系统地研究航天处理后代主要农艺性状的变异.结果表明,航天诱变对棉花各品种农艺性状的变异主要表现在SP1代,且农艺性状的变异大多表现出双向性.在形态变异方面,海岛棉远多于陆地棉;在农艺性状的变异方面,SP1代夏棉比春棉变异多,SP2代夏棉的变异减少而春棉的变异增加;就单个农艺性状而言,航天诱变后代变异度最大的是铃数,变异度最小的是播种至开花的天数.     

大型铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降特征研究

为探索铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降的时空变异特征,以冶炼厂为中心,四周等距离均匀分设8个监测点,于2012年5月至2013年4月,根据酸沉降检测技术规范,采收大气干湿沉降混合样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法分析样品中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr含量,计算各监测点所代表区域各类重金属沉降通量。结果显示,研究区重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr的年沉降通量分别为638、6.56、70.0、225、22.7 mg·m-2·a-1。五种重金属沉降量具有一定的时间变化特征,其中Cd、Zn和Cr的月际间变化显著(P0.05,n=96),Pb、Zn、Cr季节间变化显著(P0.05,n=32),而Cu无显著的月间或季间变化。空间上,Cu、Cd、Pb年沉降通量有极显著性差异(P0.01,n=8),以铜冶炼厂西南方向的九牛岗监测点最高,而Zn和Cr则无显著性差异。