多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对种子生产性状的影响

两年分期播种试验结果表明，多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对穗部性状和种子产量有显著影响。幼穗分化的天数与每穗种子粒数呈极显著正相关。播种愈早，幼穗分化天数愈多，种子产量愈高。南京地区留种的多花草麦草的最佳播期为８月２０日至９月１０日。二棱期是多花黑麦草通过春化阶段的形态标志，也是幼穗能否分化完全的转折点。单棱至护颖分化期是影响种子粒数最关键的时期。     

Fibronectin modified expression of Sonic hedgehog in ATRA-mediated neuronal differentiation

In this study, the effect of fibronectin on the neurite outgrowth from embryoid bodies (EBs) in neurodifferentiated embryonal carcinoma P19 cells was examined. The neurite outgrowth on fibronectin was maintained for a longer time in comparison with those on collagen or laminin. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that mRNA level corresponding to sonic hedgehog (Shh) in neurodifferentiated P19 cells was upregulated on fibronectin, whereas collagen or laminin did not affect. Further knockdown of integrin αv subunit in P19 cells demonstrated that expression of Shh was mediated through interaction between fibronectin and integrin. Additionally, exogenous Shh agonist accelerated neurite outgrowth from embryonic stem cell-derived EBs without large change of neuronal phenotype expression. Taken together, fibronectin could maintain neurite outgrowth via increased Shh expression.     

Effects of oocyte-derived growth factors on the growth of porcine oocytes and oocyte–cumulus cell complexes in vitro

During oocyte growth and follicle development, oocytes closely communicate with cumulus cells. We examined the effects of oocyte-derived growth factors, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), on the growth and acquisition of meiotic competence of porcine oocytes collected from early antral follicles (1.2–1.5 mm). First, we confirmed that GDF9 and BMP15 mRNAs were expressed almost exclusively in the oocytes. Oocyte–cumulus cell complexes (OCCs) collected from early antral follicles were cultured in growth medium supplemented with 0–100 ng/ml of GDF9 or BMP15 for 5 days. GDF9 dose-dependently increased the OCC diameter, while BMP15 did not. GDF9 and BMP15 had no significant effects on oocyte growth (P > 0.05). When OCCs that had been cultured with 50 and 100 ng/ml BMP15 were subjected to a subsequent maturation culture, they expanded fully by gonadotropic stimulation and 49% and 61% of oocytes matured to metaphase II (MII), respectively. In contrast, GDF9 did not promote cumulus expansion, and < 10% of oocytes matured to MII. Based on the difference in cumulus expansion, we compared the expression of luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mRNAs in cumulus cells. The level of LHCGR mRNA was increased in cumulus cells of the BMP15 group, although there were no significant differences in FSHR mRNA levels among the groups. These results suggest that GDF9 promotes the growth of OCCs and that BMP15 promotes LHCGR mRNA expression in cumulus cells during oocyte growth culture, which may contribute to cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation.     

基于叶绿体trnL-F序列对广义披碱草属物种的系统进化研究

广义披碱草属包括了披碱草属、鹅观草属、猬草属、裂颖草属和仲彬草属。为深入研究这5个小麦族多年生属的系统地位、母本来源及St染色体组的来源和分化等问题,本研究根据叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列构建了系统树和网状结构图。结果表明,1)广义披碱草属物种的母本不完全来源于拟鹅观草属的St染色体组,其中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草的母本染色体组为P染色体组,Hystrix duthiei及长芒猬草的母本染色体组为Ns染色体组;2)系统树中反映了P、W和St染色体组之间具有较近的亲缘关系,它们与H和Ns染色体组的关系较远;3)仲彬草属中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的二倍体物种聚类在一起,表明黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的关系较近;猬草属中猬草聚在St支中,而H. duthiei和长芒猬草包括在Ns支中,表明它们具有不同的染色体组组成;4)5个不同地理分布的具有St染色体组的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种没有形成一个单系组,表明St染色体组在二倍体物种中存在一定程度的分化;在异源多倍体物种中,其St染色体组的质体序列构成了不同的分支,表明St染色体组在多倍体物种中也具有分化;5)亚洲分布的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种可能参与了大部分欧亚物种的起源,北美分布物种的St染色体组可能来源于北美的拟鹅观草属物种;有些物种在多倍化起源过程中可能发生了重复杂交过程。     

细叶百合低温解除休眠过程中鳞茎细胞淀粉粒及花芽分化的变化

以细叶百合为试材,通过低温(5℃)解除鳞茎休眠,研究了休眠解除过程中鳞茎细胞的淀粉粒的变化及细叶百合花芽分化的变化过程。通过石蜡切片和实体显微结构观察,结果表明,低温冷藏期间,顶芽生长锥的高度和宽度逐渐增加,细叶百合花芽分化主要分为4个时期,0~48 d为小花原基分化期,60 d为外轮花被原基分化期,72 d为内轮花被原基分化期,84 d为雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期;鳞片及顶芽细胞内淀粉粒数量随着冷藏时间的延长逐渐减少。冷藏0~24 d内,鳞茎细胞没有进行有丝分裂,冷藏36 d以后细胞分裂数量逐渐增加,冷藏84 d分裂期细胞数量增加到2.6个。     

粗纤维测定法牧草细胞壁成分损失的研究

测试了１２种牧草的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和各自的无氮浸出物含量。牧草细胞壁损失含量与ＮＥＦ含量间呈非常显著正相关，款项人线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝－１６．６６＋０．７９ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＤＦＫ法ＮＦＥ含量与ＮＤＦ间呈非常显著相关（ｒ＝－０．９０１９Ｐ＜０．０１），其线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝５６．２５－０．７２ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＮＤＦ法ＮＦＥ含量较ＣＦ法ＮＦＥ对照达显著水平（ｔ＝６．７０９＞ｔ０．     

Genetic diversity decreases as population density declines: Implications of temporal variation in mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in a natural population of Tscherskia triton

Although the spatial genetic differentiation that occurs in animal populations has been extensively studied, information on temporal variations in genetic structure and diversity is still lacking, especially for animals with oscillating populations. In the present study, we used the mtDNA D‐loop sequence to assess the temporal genetic variation in samples from six successive years for the greater long‐tailed hamster, Tscherskia triton. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 2003 in cropland on the North China Plain, China. A total of 108 individuals were analyzed. The temporal samples showed a high level of genetic diversity. Substantial genetic changes in haplotype frequencies over time were detected for the hamster population. Random genetic drift and migration are likely to be the major factors responsible for the observed temporal pattern. The genetic diversity of the hamster population was higher in years with higher population density, and lower in years with lower population density. The result supports our hypothesis that genetic diversity decreases when population density declines in animals whose population oscillates greatly between years. The combined effects of inbreeding and genetic drift caused by reproduction, dispersal and population size might play important roles in the observed changes in genetic structure and diversity between years.     

成体干细胞的研究现状与展望

近年来，干细胞特有的生物学特性及其潜在的生物医学应用价值使之成为生命科学领域最热点、最前沿的课题之一。随着对干细胞研究的不断深入，人们发现成体干细胞除了具有较强的自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能外还具有分化方向的可塑性。作者根据国内外研究成果，综述了成体干细胞的“可塑性”研究的最新进展，以及成体干细胞可塑性研究的前景及存在的主要问题。     

脂肪与肥胖相关基因对动物脂肪代谢的调节

脂肪与肥胖相关(fat mass and obesity associated,FTO)基因是一种与普通肥胖相关的等位基因,该基因导致的肥胖是21世纪世界各国面临的最大公共卫生挑战之一。FTO基因与机体的普通肥胖有着密切的关系,而且与脂肪沉积和脂肪代谢相关激素及基因的表达有关。本文综述了FTO基因在脂肪细胞分化和脂肪代谢中的作用,揭示了FTO基因对脂肪沉积的影响,为深入研究动物脂肪代谢的机制提供理论基础。