英国景观特征评估对我国国土空间景观风貌规划管控的启示

国土空间规划要求对全域全要素资源进行统筹规划。景观风貌是跨越行政边界的各要素资源的综合表征。对景观风貌进行评估能够为国土空间景观风貌规划管控提供依据,为各类规划管控提供景观风貌参照标准,实现国土空间全域全要素资源禀赋的原真性保护。文章通过对英国景观保护观念、保护方法和对象及管理组织和管控模式的发展转变历程进行总结,对其景观特征评估体系要点进行解读,提出在国土空间规划的背景下,我国进行景观风貌规划管控的构想:完善规划评估导向和原则,搭建规划评估流程,划分规划管控层级与重点,构建统筹管理、区域协同、多方参与的管控体系。景观风貌规划管控体系的构建可为国土空间规划体系的建立提供有力支撑。     

谷子抽穗时间基因SiTOC1的表达与单倍型变异分析

【目的】谷子抽穗时间的适应性表现是广适性新品种选育的基础,分析抽穗时间关键基因的遗传变异和单倍型效应,为品种适应性改良提供基础信息。【方法】通过全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study,GWAS）,定位谷子抽穗时间关键基因SiTOC1,利用多组学数据库（multi-omics database for Setaria italica,MDSi）提供的SiTOC1数字表达量,分析SiTOC1的组织时空表达特性,并利用原生质体对SiTOC1蛋白进行亚细胞定位。采用qRT-PCR在短日（10 h光照/14 h黑暗）条件下进行SiTOC1 24 h节律表达模式分析。利用有代表性的99份谷子品种,分析SiTOC1编码区和启动子区的遗传多态性、单倍型以及转录水平,并对单倍型与抽穗时间的关系进行鉴定。【结果】在第1染色体物理位置31 456 761 bp处鉴定到了一个显著的关联信号,与抽穗时间紧密相关,该位点附近存在一个拟南芥抽穗期TOC1的同源基因SiTOC1。SiTOC1在光周期响应组织（根、茎、叶等）中高表达,亚细胞定位于细胞核,在傍晚表达量上调,呈现出24 h节律性表达模式。SiTOC1在不同谷子品种中存在丰富的多态性,但REC和CCT结构域高度保守。SiTOC1编码区2种主要单倍型H-2和H-6分别与启动子单倍型Hp-591C和Hp-591A共分离,其中,启动子单倍型Hp-591C较Hp-591A的相对表达量显著上调了约2.5倍（P=0.014）,并且该单倍型在三亚市、长治市和乌鲁木齐市3个环境下的抽穗时间分别平均延迟9、11和12 d。【结论】SiTOC1启动子区第591 bp处的SNP是引起抽穗时间差异的主效位点,单倍型Hp-591A较Hp-591C早熟,可作为主效单倍型用于分子育种选择。     

Testing Taylor's Power Law association of maize interplant variation with mean grain yield

Plant-to-plant variability is a crop stability component. The objective of this study in maize (Zea mays L.) was to test the validity of the theoretical background of the hypothesis that the coefficient of variation (CV) for grain yield per plant and mean yield are connected exponentially, following the Taylor's Power Law (TPL) Model. Field experimentation was conducted across two sites, two seasons, and two planting densities. Densities were the main plots, corresponding to the typical practice of 8.89 plants m^–2 (TCD) and the low-input optimal of 5.33 plants m^–2 (LCD), while hybrids were the subplots. Data from 26 subplots in the first site averaged CV values of 22.6% at the TCD and 21.9% at the LCD, and mean yields of 19.1 and 13.9 t ha^–1, respectively, following the TPL Model. The same was true for the second site, with average CVs and means of 41.5% and 14.3 t ha^–1 at the TCD and 36.8% and 11.5 t ha^–1 at the LCD. A test was performed on the simple correlation between the logarithms of variances and their respective means to investigate whether there is a systematic variance dependence on mean, thus questioning the reliability of TPL. The validity of TPL was verified in the first site. Nevertheless, there was a systematic dependence of yield variance on mean yield in the second site, implying that the CV-yield correlation might be not biologically meaningful. Conversion of the variance to remove its dependence on the mean did not validate the CV-yield negative relationship, meaning that caution is needed when interpreting the CV as a stability index for intra-crop variation. Whether the determinant factor of invalidity of TPL was the extensive intra-crop variation in the lower yielding second site can be assessed in future research.     

大荔枣园土壤养分空间分布及土壤肥力综合评价

为探究大荔县冬枣产区土壤肥力状况,采集了303个有代表性枣园土壤样品,测定了土壤pH、有机质、硝态N、铵态N、碱解N、有效P、速效K、有效Fe、有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Cu等指标,用ArcGIS软件绘制了土壤有机质和速效N、P、K的空间分布图,并应用主成分分析方法对枣园土壤肥力状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,pH值在各个采样点间的变异性较小,其余土壤肥力指标都存在着较大的变异,并且偏度和峰度>0,属于右偏态尖峰型;整体来看,大荔枣园土壤pH偏碱性,碱解N含量较为丰富,有效P含量中等偏低,速效K含量极其丰富,有机质含量较为缺乏。空间分布规律表现为土壤碱解N、有机质规律一致,东北区域低、其他区域高;有效P含量北部高南部低;除东北部少数区域外,土壤速效K含量普遍达到丰富或极丰富水平。主成分分析显示,有机质、速效K、有效Fe和有效P是影响冬枣园土壤肥力最主要的因素,通过对各乡镇的综合得分均值进行比较,发现各乡镇土壤得分高低与土壤养分空间分布结果相吻合。     

皖南茶叶生长季气候资源变化特征及其影响分析

【目的】通过分析气候变暖背景下皖南地区茶叶生长气候资源变化特征,为皖南地区茶叶生产合理利用气候资源、应对气候变化提供科学依据。【方法】利用安徽省皖南山区19个气象观测站1971—2019年的逐日平均气温、日照时数、降水量、相对湿度等资料,分析气候变暖背景下皖南山区茶叶生长热量、光照、降水等气候资源及开采期变化特征。【结果】近50年安徽省皖南山区茶叶生长热量资源呈极显著增加,其中年平均气温、≥10 ℃活动积温和适宜生长日数增幅分别为0.29 ℃/10年、111.7 ℃/10年和2.7 d/10年;光照资源极显著减少,年均日照时数降幅为57.5 h/10年;降水资源变化不一,其中降水量呈增加趋势、增幅为13.7 mm/10年,相对湿度极显著降低,降幅为0.5%/10年。【结论】气候变暖造成皖南山区早生种和中晚生种茶叶开采期极显著提前,提前幅度分别为4.2、3.6 d/10年,气候变暖带来的气温和降水的变化对皖南山区茶叶产量影响较大。     

Allozyme diversity in Australian rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were first introduced into Australia over 100 years ago, and forms the basis of important recreational inland fisheries and an aquaculture industry in south‐eastern Australia. This paper investigates the genetic variation within and between samples of Australian rainbow trout using allozyme electrophoresis. The levels of genetic diversity within Australia do not show marked differences from those observed in hatchery and wild populations from throughout North America, New Zealand and South Africa, but there is evidence for the loss of some rare alleles during translocation from California to Australia via New Zealand. No appreciable difference in genetic diversity was apparent between hatchery and self‐sustaining wild populations of rainbow trout from mainland Australia. However, significant differences in allelic frequencies were observed, with consistent genetic differences between Victorian and New South Wales samples most likely reflecting state‐based hatchery and stocking policies.     

Breed Differences in Natriuretic Peptides in Healthy Dogs

Background

Measurement of plasma concentration of natriuretic peptides (NPs) is suggested to be of value in diagnosis of cardiac disease in dogs, but many factors other than cardiac status may influence their concentrations. Dog breed potentially is 1 such factor.

Objective

To investigate breed variation in plasma concentrations of pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide 31‐67 (proANP 31‐67) and N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in healthy dogs.

Animals

535 healthy, privately owned dogs of 9 breeds were examined at 5 centers as part of the European Union (EU) LUPA project.

Methods

Absence of cardiovascular disease or other clinically relevant organ‐related or systemic disease was ensured by thorough clinical investigation. Plasma concentrations of proANP 31‐67 and NT‐proBNP were measured by commercially available ELISA assays.

Results

Overall significant breed differences were found in proANP 31‐67 (P < .0001) and NT‐proBNP (P < .0001) concentrations. Pair‐wise comparisons between breeds differed in approximately 50% of comparisons for proANP 31‐67 as well as NT‐proBNP concentrations, both when including all centers and within each center. Interquartile range was large for many breeds, especially for NT‐proBNP. Among included breeds, Labrador Retrievers and Newfoundlands had highest median NT‐proBNP concentrations with concentrations 3 times as high as those of Dachshunds. German Shepherds and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels had the highest median proANP 31‐67 concentrations, twice the median concentration in Doberman Pinschers.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Considerable interbreed variation in plasma NP concentrations was found in healthy dogs. Intrabreed variation was large in several breeds, especially for NT‐proBNP. Additional studies are needed to establish breed‐specific reference ranges.     

Genetic variation and selection of introduced provenances of Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） in frigid regions of the Greater Xing’an Range,Northeast China

Siberian Pine （Pinus sibirica） is an ecologically and eco-nomically important species in pristine forests throughout northern Rus-sia. Four provenances of P. sibirica were introduced from Mongolia and Russia to the Greater Xing’an Range （the Daxing’anling）, northeast China in 1993. The aim of this research was to study genetic variation and selection of the introduced four Pinus sibirica provenances. Heights （H）, basal diameters （BD）, survival rates （SR） and crown lengths （CL） of different families were measured as primary outcomes in different growth years. Results of data analyses demonstrated high coefficients of phenotypic variation （PCV） and heritability （H2） for H, BD and CL at 18 years after introduction. PCV and H2 increased with age. Correlations of＆amp;nbsp;growth traits between any two growth years were all significantly positive, but the correlation coefficient was smaller when the growth year interval was larger. Correlations between H and the original environment factors decreased gradually, indicating that with long-term subsistence in the new environment, the influence of the source environment declined. Colligation of multiple traits to estimate provenances showed that Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Altai Mountains had higher survival rates and biomass, and proved more suitable for introduction and plantation in the Greater Xing’an Range in China.     

基于GIS的信息量模型在森林病虫害空间预测中的应用方法研究

介绍了信息量模型以及信息量模型与GIS的结合,描述了建立森林病虫害空间预测信息量模型的4个步骤:因子的选取、信息量模型的建立及公式计算、信息量结果值的分级、综合信息量图的生成。讨论了基于GIS的信息量模型在森林病虫害空间预测中存在的问题和发展前景。