乙草胺降解菌Sphingomonas sp. DC\|6的分离鉴定及其代谢途径的初步研究

从生产乙草胺的农药厂排污口污泥中分离到一株乙草胺降解菌,命名为DC\|6。根据形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA系统发育分析,初步鉴定其为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.)。该菌能够降解甲草胺、乙草胺和丁草胺,而对于异丙甲草胺、丙草胺和异丙草胺却没有任何降解效果,48 h对丁草胺、乙草胺和甲草胺的降解率分别为76.7%、93.6%和98.6%,对甲草胺的降解效率最高,而对丁草胺的降解效率最低,表明侧链烷基长短影响着该类除草剂的降解速率,随着侧链基团碳原子的增加以及支链的增多降解效率呈下降的趋势。通过气相色谱-质谱鉴定了该菌降解乙草胺的代谢产物并分析了乙草胺的代谢途径,发现乙草胺首先N\|脱烷基形成2\|氯\|N\|(2\|乙基\|6\|甲基苯基)乙酰胺（CMEPA）,然后水解生成苯胺衍生物2\|乙基\|6\|甲基苯胺（MEA）,MEA能够进一步完全降解。但苯胺类化合物降解途径中的关键酶苯胺双加氧酶没有参与MEA降解代谢,表明菌株DC\|6对MEA的降解不同于已报道苯胺降解途径。     

小麦白粉菌对小麦属物种的寄生致病性

田间和温室试验的结果表明,供试的小麦属15个种中,除波斯小麦对小麦白粉菌表现免疫外,其它14个种均对该菌表现不同程度的感染。其中栽培一粒小麦、瓦维洛夫小麦、莫加小麦、斯卑尔脱小麦和印度圆粒小麦感染该菌的情况过去在国内未见有过报道。在试验田中,以上5个种比其他种显得更为感病。本研究结果从一个侧面进一步支持了小麦属的现代分类理论。     

Mineralization of hydroxylated isoproturon metabolites produced by fungi

When exposed to the herbicide isoproturon, some soil fungi in pure culture metabolize the substance to hydroxylated metabolites. Hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon have also been detected in soil studies. In an agricultural soil not previously exposed to isoproturon we found that the hydroxylated isoproturon metabolite N-(4-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl)-N′,N′-dimethylurea mineralized faster than both isoproturon and its N-demethylated metabolite N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N′-methylurea (MDIPU), thus indicating that mineralization of isoproturon is stimulated by fungal hydroxylation in this soil. In soils previously treated with isoproturon, in contrast, isoproturon and both its hydroxylated and demethylated metabolites mineralized at almost the same rate with up to 52% of the ¹⁴C-ring-carbon being degraded to ¹⁴CO₂ within 63 days. Thus hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon do not seem to be more persistent than isoproturon, and hence may degrade before they can leach from topsoil and contaminate the aquatic environment. While an isoproturon-mineralizing bacterium Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 and a MDIPU-mineralizing mixed bacterial culture were able to deplete the medium of hydroxylated metabolites, little or no mineralization took place. This indicates that other bacteria must be present in the soil that are able to benefit from isoproturon being made available to mineralization by fungal hydroxylation.     

节杆菌属甲基对硫磷的降解菌株L-W的分离及降解特性

从生产甲基对硫磷的华阳农药厂污水曝气池中,分离到1株能以甲基对硫磷及其降解中间产物对硝基苯酚为唯一碳源生长,且能够将其彻底降解为CO2和H2O的细菌L-W,经鉴定,为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp)。用气相色谱法和分光光度计法深入研究了L-W的降解能力,其7h内对50mg/L甲基对硫磷的降解率为85%,对50mg/L对硝基苯酚的降解率为99%。     

蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘降解的强化效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的去除效果的强化作用及对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围（0~322 mg.kg-1）内,蚯蚓对供试植物苏丹草（Sorghum vulgare L.）生长促进作用显著。接种蚯蚓的土壤中,苏丹草在菲、芘各浓度下总生物量较未接种蚯蚓土壤分别提高14.41%~25.91%、14.39%~23.9%;蚯蚓活动可促进土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的降解,接种蚯蚓处理中菲、芘各浓度下降解率较未接种蚯蚓处理分别高4.20%~9.76%、3.69%~9.38%。土壤酶活性测定结果也显示蚯蚓活动可增加土壤酶的活性。     

Light-stimulated 14CO2 uptake and acetylene reduction by bacteriochlorophyll containing stem nodule isolate BTAi 1

Summary Bradyrhizobial strain BTAi 1 nodulates both stems and roots of Aeschynomene spp. Previous work has shown that it contains bacteriochlorophyll a and forms photosynthetic reaction centers, and has provided indirect evidence of photosynthesis by bacteroids within stem nodules. Here we report physiological and biochemical characteristics of BTAi 1 ex planta, which also suggest the presence of photosynthetic activity. Light-stimulated uptake of ¹⁴CO₂ by BTAi 1 was detected at all stages of growth. Inhibitors of photosynthesis, 1,10-orthophenanthroline and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), and the uncoupler NH₄Cl, immediately suppressed light-driven ¹⁴CO₂ uptake and increased O₂ uptake. BTAi 1 is strictly aerobic and was unable to grow without organic C even in the light; also, it was unable to grow chemoautotrophically in an atmosphere enriched with H₂ and CO₂. In micro-aerobic conditions, strain BTAi 1 expressed acetylene reducing activity ex planta in an N-free medium. The highest rates of light-stimulated ¹⁴CO₂ uptake and acetylene-reducing activity occurred during the exponential and early stationary phases of growth. Acetylene-reducing rates at a low glucose concentration were increased following a light-dark cycle in comparison with continuous dark conditions.     

Effects of Soil Conditions on the Prevalence of Netted Scab

Abstract

In two field trial series different planting techniques, used to alter soil conditions at planting time, and rates of seed infection with netted scab were compared regarding their effects on plant development, yield, tuber size distribution and the prevalence of netted scab in the progeny. A greenhouse pot experiment was also carried out to study the influence of soil contamination and infection of seed with the netted scab organism on the prevalence of netted scab in the progeny. Both seed infection and planting technique affected the progeny tuber infection with netted scab. Seed infection also negatively influenced plant development and yield. It is concluded that seed infection affects plant development and yield more than soil contamination does, whereas soil contamination is more an important source of progeny tuber infection.     

节杆菌与施氏假单胞菌对甲基对硫磷的共降解研究

为实现对有机磷农药甲基对硫磷的彻底降解,研究利用有机磷农药降解菌施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1与对硝基苯酚降解菌CN2对甲基对硫磷进行共降解试验,同时克隆了参与降解过程的相关基因,并对2株菌株在对甲基对硫磷污染土壤的原位修复中的效果进行研究。结果表明,与YC-YH1单独降解相比,YC-YH1和CN2共降解在处理前32 h无较大差异;但之后,甲基对硫磷和对硝基苯酚的降解速度明显加快,处理48 h后甲基对硫磷即被完全降解,比单独用YC-H1降解时提前了16 h,处理64 h时对硝基苯酚就被完全降解。而土壤修复的研究结果表明,菌株YC-YH1与CN2能够高效降解甲基对硫磷,72 h对土壤中100 mg/kg甲基对硫磷的降解率接近100%,尤以未灭菌土壤中降解效果更好。     

Biological characteristics of strain F603 of Epicoccom sp., an antagonistic fungus for controlling Phytophthora infestans

Factors influencing vegetative growth and spore germination of strain F603 of Epicoccom sp., an antagonistic fungus for Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, were studied. Among the different growth media tested, Rye agar was the best medium for its vegetative growth. The range of temperature and pH value for mycelial growth was 5–35°C and 2–12, respectively, with the optimum 25°C and 6–9, respectively. The fungus grew better in Czapek medium with maltose and dextrose as carbon sources and peptone, KNO₃, and NaNO₃ as nitrogen sources. The range of temperature for spore germination of strain F603 was 5–35°C, the optimum was 20°C. The range of temperature for sporulation was 10–30°C, and the optimum was 15–18°C.     

三价砷氧化细菌Acidovorax sp.GW2中As(Ⅲ)氧化酶基因和调控序列的克隆鉴定

通过反向PCR和细菌Fosmid文库筛选,克隆得到1株二三价砷[As(Ⅲ)]氧化细菌Acidovorax sp.GW2的As(Ⅲ)氧化酶Aox基因簇,包括aoxRSXABCD 7个基因,分别预测编码双组分信号传导系统转录调控子AoxR(同源性68%),周质感应组氨酸激酶AoxS(同源性55%),周质结合蛋白AoxX(同...