梨属间及~(60)Coγ射线辐射诱变朝鲜洋梨新品系过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

试验采用聚丙烯凝胶电泳对梨属的秋子梨、沙梨、西洋梨、杜梨、矮化梨及朝鲜洋梨辐射优系共37个品种(系)嫩枝的韧皮部提取液进行过氧化物酶同工酶的测定,结果表明:梨属植物不同种间的谱带差异较大,种内品种间差异较小。矮化品种及矮化砧的谱带均较复杂,朝鲜洋梨辐射新品系的主要谱带均显现一条强谱带的缺失,或由强带向弱带的变化。由此认为用过氧化物酶同工酶来鉴定梨的种属,品种及新品种(系)的形成是一条可行的途径。     

几种拮抗菌对杨树烂皮病菌的影响

Trichoderma3个菌株及Chaetomium sp.与杨树烂皮病菌(Cytospora chrysosperma)的对峙培养试验的结果表明:试验中采用的Trichoderma viride1,Trichoderma viride2,Trichoderma harzianum及Chaetomium sp.对杨树烂皮病菌都有一定的抑制效果,其中Trichoderma viride1对病原菌的相对抑制效果最好,且其相对抑制效果随着时间的增加而增长,在74h时达到最高,抑制率可达到64.55%;其相对抑制效果也达到最大,为11.49;其它3个菌株的相对抑制效果在对峙培养74 h时也达到最大,介于1.77~4.15之间。     

Nematopsis marinus n. sp., a new septate gregarine from cultured penaeoid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), in Ecuador

The septate gregarine Nematopsis marinus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cephaline) heavily infected the midgut of cultured Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in Ecuador. It is morphologically similar to other species of the genera Nematopsis, but it can be distinguished from them, by having gamonts with a prominent hemispherical protomerite that contained numerous refractile granules and unusual strong gliding movement. There is evidence that shrimp acquired the infection in the ponds, as larval or postlarval stages do not showed infection. Juveniles and adult shrimp had a prevalence and intensity of infection ranging from 50% to 80% and 10 to > 5000 parasites respectively. When voided from the gut, the gregarine keep alive in seawater. This gregarine have been associated with the marine environment and there are no records of this species in low salinity waters or freshwater. Results suggest that N. marinus could have most of the life cycle of the species within the host L. vannamei.     

Determination of the oxidative burst chemiluminescent response of avian and murine-derived macrophages versus corresponding cell lines in relation to stimulation with Salmonella serotypes.

In contrast to mammalian systems, avian species lack a resident or harvestable macrophage population in the abdominal exudate. Peritoneal macrophages in the chicken can be elicited if an inflammatory agent such as sephadex is injected. This study examines the kinetics of different macrophage populations, derived by different methods of isolation and from different hosts, with respect to the elicited oxidative burst upon infection with host-adapted Salmonella serotypes.

The nature of the oxidative burst elicited by murine and avian-derived and cell line macrophages was determined after stimulation with phorbol myristate (PMA), zymosan A, and Salmonella serotypes. Both murine and chicken peritoneal macrophages, chicken blood monocytes and corresponding cell lines, J774A.1 and HD-11, were unable to produce a detectable chemiluminescent (CL) response after interaction with Salmonella using the luminescent probe luminol. However, both PMA and zymosan A induced a CL response in all cell types, with PMA eliciting a higher and earlier peak response (pkH) than zymosan A. Lucigenin-enhanced CL in both murine and chicken macrophages was achieved with PMA, zymosan A and Salmonella serotypes. In this case, zymosan A induced higher responses than PMA. In the peritoneal macrophages of both hosts, there were no significant differences in the oxidative burst induced by the different Salmonella serotypes. However, the J774A.1 (murine) cells demonstrated significant differences, with S. enterica serotype Choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis and S. gallinarum producing the highest response. In the HD-11 (chicken) cells, S. choleraesuis and S. dublin elicited the higher CL. With both cell lines, S. abortusovis failed to induce an appreciable CL response.

In these experiments it was demonstrated that oxidative burst was not detectable in monocytes/macrophage populations using luminol, which suggests a link to the lack of a myeloperoxidase system in these cells. Lucigenin-enhanced CL appeared independent from the myeloperoxidase system, indicating production of another oxidative species compared with luminol. No discernable effect of host specificity with regard to Salmonella serotype and respective host was seen in host-derived or cell line macrophages, and cell line macrophages displayed altered functional characteristics with regard to oxidative burst in comparison with their primary counterparts.     

不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病抗性中的作用

分析了枯萎病菌侵染后棉花叶片和根茎部组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质 (胞壁结合的简单酚、复杂酚聚合物及黄酮醇 )含量的变化。结果表明 ,抗病品种棉苗中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量高于感病品种 ,同一品种内根茎部组织中含量较高 ;氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗产生对枯萎病的诱导抗性 ,同时也促进了棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质的积累 ;枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量明显增加 ,抗病品种棉苗和经氟乐灵处理的棉苗受侵后不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量的增加分别大于感病品种棉苗和未经氟乐灵处理棉苗中的增加水平。这些结果说明 ,不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病的抗性及由氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性中起作用     

Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato

Summary Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii Carp. Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium eumartii) is a soil inhabitant that induces the so-called Potato Wilt and Stem End Rot disease. Prior to wilting, the pathogen induces peculiar small bronze spots on the leaflets. Failure to isolate F. eumartii from infected leaflets suggests the involvement of a toxin in the disease. The fungus was grown in liquid Richard's medium and thereafter a filtrate was obtained dialyzing (MW cutoff 12,000–14,000) and sterilizing the culture by filtration (0.22 m). Potato leaves treated with both the pathogen or the filtrate showed symptoms of bronze spots and significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared to controls. Tomato leaves showed neither bronze spots nor electrolyte leakage after plant inoculation with the pathogen or with the filtrate treatment. Both, the absence of visible symptoms and the lack of electrolyte leakage in tomato could be associated to a certain degree of host specificity of the F. eumartii filtrate towards potato. The filtrate also induced symptoms similar to infections by F. eumartii in adult plants and in vitro plantlets of cultivars Huinkul MAG and Kennebec. Callus responses to the filtrate were related to responses of the cultivars to the pathogen in greenhouse. These results show the potential of the culture filtrate of F. eumartii for use in screening for wilting resistance.     

Genetics of multiple disease resistance in a doubled-haploid population of barley

The barley accession Q21861 possesses resistance to the stem-rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), leaf-rust (P. hordei), and powdery-mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) pathogens. An anther-culture-derived doubled-haploid population was produced from F₁ plants from a cross of this accession and the susceptible breeding line SM89010 as a means of rapidly and efficiently determining the genetics of multiple disease resistance. The doubled-haploid population segregated 1:1 (resistant:susceptible) for resistance to the stem rust pathotype QCC indicating the involvement of a single resistance gene, rpg4. Two-gene (3:1) and one-gene (1:1) segregation ratios were observed for resistance to the stem-rust pathotype MCC at low (23–25°c) and high (27–29°C) temperature, respectively. These different segregation patterns were due to a pathotype × temperature interaction exhibited by rpg4 and Rpg1. another stem-rust-resistance gene present in Q21861. One-gene and two-gene segregation ratios were observed in reaction to the leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens. These data demonstrate the utility of doubled haploid populations for determining the genetics of multiple disease resistance in barley.     

Selection parameters for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 and race 4 on diploid banana (Musa acuminata Colla)

Summary Shoot tip cultures from banana clones susceptible and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) race 1 and race 4 were grown in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of fusaric acid and fungal crude filtrates or inoculated with a conidial suspension of FOC to assess correlation between in vivo and in vitro behaviour. Explants were susceptible to both filtrate and fusaric acid irrespective to their known field resistance/susceptibility response. No clear linkage between in vivo and in vitro behaviour was observed and our results suggest that the use of crude filtrate or non-host specific toxin (fusaric acid) in a screening programme for selecting a novel resistant genotype of Musa to FOC is not feasible. When peroxidase activity was used as a parameter to discriminate between sesceptibility and tolerance, results were in good agreement with field response of host plant to pathogens. Early enzymatic activity increased in the incompatible host-pathogen interaction but not in the compatible interaction.Abbreviations IBA Indolebutyric acid - 2iP 6-dimethylallylamino-purine - VCG Vegetative Compatibility Group - FOC Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense - IEF isoelectrofocusing     

Analysis of durable resistance to stem rust in barley

Summary Since the mid-1940's, barley cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains of the USA and Canada have been resistant to stem rust caused byPuccinia graminis f. sp.tritici. This durable resistance is largely conferred by a single gene,Rpg1, derived from a single plant selection of the cultivar Wisconsin 37 and an unimproved Swiss cultivar. At the seedling stage, barley genotypes withRpg1 generally exhibit low mesothetic reactions at 16–20° C and slightly higher mesothetic reactions at 24–28° C to many stem rust pathotypes. This resistance is manifested by a low level of rust infection and mostly incompatible type uredia on adult plants.Rpg1 reacts in a pathotype-specific manner since some genotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici are virulent on cultivars carrying this gene in the field. Several factors may have contributed to the longevity of stem rust resistance in barley, a) since barley is planted early and matures early, it can sometimes escape damage from stem rust inoculum carried from the south; b) one or more minor genes may augment the level of resistance already provided byRpg1; c) the cultivation of resistant wheat cultivars and eradication of barberry have reduced the effective population size and number of potential new pathotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici, respectively; and d) virulent pathotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici andP. g. f. sp.secalis have not become established. This situation changed in 1989 when a virulent pathotype (Pgt-QCC) ofP. g. f. sp.tritici became widely distributed over the Great Plains. However,Rpg1 may still confer some degree of resistance to pathotype QCC because stem rust severities have been low to moderate and yield losses light on barley cultivars carrying the gene during the last four seasons (1989–1992). Several sources of incomplete resistance to pathotype QCC have been identified in barley. To facilitate the transfer of resistance genes from these sources into advanced breeding lines, molecular marker assisted selection is being employed.