3种乳化剂对乳脂肪球的稳定效果比较

[目的]比较3种乳化剂对超高温灭菌乳体系乳脂肪球的稳定效果。[方法]通过物理反射模型的背散射光检测技术研究3种乳化剂对超高温灭菌乳体系脂肪球的稳定性,测定了样品底部和顶部脂肪球的迁移动力学以及中部脂肪球平均粒径的变化。[结果]蔗糖酯SE-15、羟基化改性大豆磷脂及分子蒸馏单甘酯乳化样品底部脂肪球开始上浮的时间没有太大差异,为6.50 h左右,迁移速率分别为0.16,0.61和0.17 mm/h;在观察时间内,蔗糖酯SE-15和分子蒸馏单甘酯乳化样品中部的平均粒径略有降低;蔗糖酯SE-15组顶部浮油初始时间为3.32 h,羟基化改型大豆磷脂组为1.01 h,蒸馏单甘酯组为1.34 h,三者浮油速率分别为0.08,0.13和0.09 mm/h。[结论]蔗糖酯SE-15及分子蒸馏单甘酯可以作为超高温灭菌乳体系复配乳化剂的原料。     

毛豆氮磷钾肥效应及推荐施肥量的研究

通过田间试验研究毛豆施用氮磷钾肥料的效应,结果表明:N2P2K2处理毛豆的平均产量比不施肥处理增产17.9%,说明施肥对毛豆具有显著的增产作用。毛豆施用氮磷钾肥料平均分别增产16.0%、6.8%和6.1%,增产效果为N>P>K。氮磷钾肥的平均产投比分别为4.5、3.2和2.4;氮磷肥在中高肥力土壤的产投比较高,钾肥则在中低肥力土壤的产投比较高。平均推荐施用量为纯N 202 kg/hm2、P2O5 81 kg/hm2和K2O 100 kg/hm2,其预测产量为20 719 kg/hm2,三要素最佳比例为1∶0.40∶0.50。     

Mixing whole-crop pea–oat silage and grass–clover silage: positive effects on intake and milk production of dairy cows

Forty‐eight high‐yielding dairy cows of the Swedish Red breed were used to examine the effects of providing pea–oat silage (P), grass–clover silage (G) and a 0·50:0·50 mixture of the silages (M) ad libitum in diets with two concentrate levels (7 or 10 kg d^?1). A 9‐week experiment, including a 2‐week pre‐experimental period in which the cows were all fed the same diet, and an in vivo apparent digestibility study were conducted comparing the six dietary treatments (M7, M10, P7, P10, G7, G10). Intake and digestibility of the diets and milk production and live weight of the cows were measured. The G silage [11·3 MJ ME kg^?1 dry matter (DM)] was first‐cut grass herbage wilted for 24 h prior to addition of an additive, containing formic acid, propionic acid and ammonia, at 4 L t^?1 fresh matter (FM). The P forage was cut when the peas were at pod fill and ensiled directly with 6 L t^?1 FM of the same additive. The main hypothesis tested, that cows fed the M silage would produce more milk than the cows fed either the P or the G silages, was confirmed. The cows fed the M7 dietary treatment had similar milk yield and milk composition to cows offered the M10, G10 and P10 dietary treatments, and cows offered the G7 and P7 dietary treatments had lower milk and milk protein yields. This suggested that a mixed ration of pea–oat bi‐crop and grass–clover silage has a concentrate‐sparing effect, and that the use of pea–oat bi‐crop and grass–clover silage as a mixed ration for high‐yielding dairy cows can be recommended.     

Effects of grass pasture and concentrate-based feeding systems for spring-calving dairy cows in early spring on performance during lactation

The effect of offering a total mixed ration of silage and concentrate (proportionately 0·44 silage) system [indoor feeding system (IF)] was compared with grazing at a high daily herbage allowance with a low level of concentrate supplementation [early grazing system (EG)] in early spring on the performance of spring‐calving dairy cows in Ireland. Sixty‐four spring‐calving Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (mean calving date, 2 February) were allocated to one of two systems between 16 February and 4 April 2004. An equal number of primiparous and multiparous cows were assigned to each system. The dairy cows on the IF system were housed for a 7‐week period and offered a diet of 10·9 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 (s.d. 2·3) of concentrate, the remainder of the diet was 8·6 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 (s.d. 1·9) of grass silage. The dairy cows on the EG system were offered a mean daily herbage allowance of 15·1 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 (s.d. 3·7) and were supplemented with 3·0 kg DM cow^?1 d^?1 (s.d. 1·0) of concentrate. There was no difference in milk yield between the two systems but the cows in the EG system had a higher milk protein concentration (2·9 g kg^?1) and a higher milk protein yield than in the IF system. Milk fat concentration was higher for cows in the IF than EG system (3·0 g kg^?1). There was no difference in total daily dry‐matter intake between the systems, measured in week 6 of the study. Mean live weight of the cows in the IF system was greater than in the EG system. The results of the study suggest that a slightly greater performance can be achieved by a system offering a high daily herbage allowance to spring‐calving dairy cows in early lactation compared with a system offering a total mixed ration containing a high proportion of concentrate with grass silage.     

Production and behavioural responses of high- and low-yielding dairy cows to different periods of access to grazing or to a maize silage and soyabean meal diet fed indoors

The study examined whether high‐yielding cows grazing pasture respond differently from low‐yielding cows in milk production and feeding behaviour, to increasing the time made available for eating a maize silage and soyabean meal (TAMS) diet indoors and reducing the time available for grazing (TAG). Two experiments, each lasting 42 d, were carried out in spring (Experiment 1) and autumn (Experiment 2) using Holstein‐Friesian cows at two different levels of milk yield (MYL). Milk production and feeding behaviour were examined for TAG + TAMS systems of 19 h, TAG plus 1 h TAMS (19 + 1), and 5 h TAG plus 15 h TAMS (5 + 15). There were two levels of concentrate (0 and 6 kg d^?1), and in the spring experiment two sward heights (4–6 and 8–10 cm) were also studied. Milk yield, persistency of milk yield, liveweight change and estimated total DM intake were significantly higher on the 5 + 15 than on the 19 + 1 grazing system in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. There were no significant interactions of TAG + TAMS treatment with MYL for any production or behavioural measurements except for maize silage feeding time, where high MYL cows spent a significantly greater time eating maize silage than low MYL cows on the 5 + 15 treatment but not on the 19 + 1 treatment. It can be concluded that high‐ and low‐yielding cows respond similarly in milk production and feeding behaviour to different combinations of TAG and TAMS. In autumn, estimated daily intakes of herbage were lower on both grazing treatments relative to spring, resulting from lower rates of herbage intake with no compensatory increase in grazing time. In contrast, rates of intake of maize silage were higher in autumn especially on the 19 + 1 system. These results may imply a change of preference from herbage to maize silage between spring and autumn.     

Protein and starch digestibilities and mineral availability of products developed from potato,soy and corn flour

A technique for development of potato flour was standardized. Five products viz. cake, biscuit, weaning food, panjiri and ladoo were prepared incorporating potato flour, defatted soy flour and corn flour. Baking and roasting were the major processing techniques employed for the development of these products. Protein, ash and fat contents of potato flour were almost similar to those of raw potatoes. Significant differences in protein, ash and fat contents of all the products were observed. Protein and starch digestibility of potato flour was significantly higher than that of raw potatoes. Protein digestibility increased by 12 to 17 percent on baking or roasting of products. Processed products had significantly higher starch digestibility and mineral availability compared to raw products. Thus, it can be concluded that roasting and baking are effective means of improving starch and protein digestibility and mineral availability of products.     

不同保鲜处理对鲜食葡萄贮藏期间褐变的影响

以白罗莎和马奶两种易褐变葡萄为试材,分别采用SO_2熏蒸+CK和SO_2熏蒸+CT2保鲜剂进行处理,在(0±1)℃、相对湿度(90±5)%条件下贮藏84 d,研究不同保鲜处理对鲜食葡萄贮藏期间褐变的影响。结果表明,SO_2处理结合CT2保鲜剂能有效保持易褐变绿色葡萄品种的色泽品质,降低褐变指数,维持较低的PPO活性和相对电导率,有效保持叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高鲜食葡萄的外观品质和商品价值。     

绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量的增产和培肥短期效应

稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施,本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行,设置5个处理:(1)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥(CK);(2)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮(NPK);(3)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮(GRN1);(4)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20%(GRN2);(5)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30%(GRN3)。结果表明:水稻产量方面,年际间差异较大, 2019年度GRN1处理‘荃香优1521’产量最高为10,047 kg hm–2,显著高于NPK处理,增幅为6.7%;其次为GRN2和GRN3,但与NPK差异不显著;2020年度GRN2和GRN3处理‘黄华占’产量较NPK处理显著增加,增幅分别为6.6%和5.8%。绿肥稻秆协同还田处理均可以显著提高水稻产量,较CK和NPK增幅分别为67.9%～83.0%和2.8%～6.7%。土壤养分方面,紫云英稻秆协同还田提高了耕层0～20 cm土壤有机碳和速效磷, GRN2处理较NPK处理分别提高了...     

强脉冲磁场对牛奶的杀菌效果及其营养成分的影响研究

利用脉冲磁场对鲜奶进行杀菌试验,并与传统加热杀菌作了比较,测定了菌落总数和大肠菌群的残留率及主要鲜奶成分含量的变化。结果表明：经磁场杀菌后的牛奶,菌落总数和大肠菌群数可达到商业无菌要求。与热杀菌相比,脉冲磁场杀菌时间短、效率高、营养损失小、基本保持了鲜奶的天然色泽和风味。     

宏基因组学探究原料乳冷藏过程菌群变化规律

为探究原料乳4 ℃冷藏期间细菌群落的变化规律,该研究使用Illumina Hiseq测序平台,对原料乳冷藏期间微生物变化及功能注释进行宏基因组学分析。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的延长,原料乳中的微生物在数量和种群构成上均发生了显著改变。冷藏72 h期间,优势菌群由不动杆菌属、链球菌属、无浆体属和梭菌属向黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属和乳球菌属逐渐演替。功能注释结果显示：复制重组修复、翻译/核糖体结构与生物发生、细胞壁/膜的生物发生、脂质代谢在冷藏前期相对丰度较高。氨基酸、碳水化合物的转运与代谢在冷藏后期相对丰度较高。其中脂质代谢与不动杆菌属显著相关（P<0.001）,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢与假单胞菌属显著相关（P<0.01）。研究表明冷藏原料乳中不动杆菌属及假单胞菌属对乳成分影响较大。通过控制冷藏原料乳有害微生物繁殖,能够维持乳成分稳定。研究结果可为生鲜乳保藏、液态乳灭菌控制、奶酪加工等提供理论依据。