唐山红小豆地方品种资源数量性状的遗传变异分析

以71份唐山红小豆地方品种资源为研究对像,对资源各数量性状的平均表现、遗传变异、遗传力及预期遗传进度进行了分析。结果表明,唐山红小豆地方品种资源生育期类型单一、株型高大、产量性状较好,子粒大小中等;主茎分枝、单株荚数、单株生产力、小区产量、生育前期、百粒重、单荚粒数具有中等以上的遗传变异系数和遗传进度,对其选择有一定的效果;在选择效果明显的性状中,生育期、百粒重、主茎分枝遗传力较高,可在早代选择;小区产量遗传力中等,可在遗传基础相对稳定的较高世代选择;而株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株生产力的遗传力较低,应在遗传基础纯合稳定的高世代选择。     

Achievements and limitations of contemporary common bean breeding using conventional and molecular approaches

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) improvement programs have been successful using conventional breeding methods to accomplish a wide array of important objectives. Specific achievements include the extension of range of adaptation of the crop, the development of cultivars with enhanced levels of disease and pest resistance and breeding lines that possess greater tolerance to drought. The most effective breeding method depends on the expression and inheritance of the trait to be selected and the target environment. Many bean improvement programs use molecular markers to facilitate cultivar development. In fact, several recent germplasm releases have used molecular markers to introgress and or pyramid major genes and QTL for disease resistance. Related species (P. coccineus and P. acultifolius) via interspecific hybridizations remain an important albeit long-term source for resistance to economically important diseases. Slow progress has been made in the improvement of traits such as adaptation to low soil fertility and tolerance to high levels of soluble Al in the soil using conventional breeding methods. The inability to directly measure root traits and the importance of genotype × environment interaction complicate the selection of these traits. In addition, symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza need to be taken into consideration when selecting for enhanced biological N fixation and greater or more efficient acquisition of soil P. Genomic examination of complex traits such as these should help bean breeders devise more effective selection strategies. As integration of genomics in plant breeding advances, the challenge will be to develop molecular tools that also benefit breeding programs in developing countries. Transgenic breeding methods for bean improvement are not well defined, nor efficient, as beans are recalcitrant to regeneration from cell cultures. Moreover, if issues related to consumer acceptance of GMOs cannot be resolved, traits such as herbicide tolerance in transgenic bean cultivars which would help farmers reduce production costs and decrease soil erosion will remain unrealized.     

75 years of breeding pinto bean for resistance to diseases in the United States

Diseases are major production constraints of pinto bean despite 75 years of breeding. The objectives were to (1) assess progress made and (2) discuss future breeding strategies. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), anthracnose, rust, white mold, common blight, and halo blight and growth habit, seed weight, and seed coat darkening were evaluated for 52 cultivars released between 1944 and 2001. Sixteen cultivars were resistant to BCMV, 12 to race 53 of rust, five to race 73 of anthracnose, two to halo blight, and none to common blight and white mold. Four were resistant to two and none to three or more diseases. Four had Type I, ten Type II, and others Type III growth habit. Bill Z, Grand Mesa, Montrose, Olathe, Othello, Ouray and Pindak darkened slower in storage. Pintoba had the largest and Cahone smallest seed. An integrated breeding strategy is suggested for simultaneous improvement of resistance to multiple-diseases.     

不同农艺措施对菜豆生产节水情况的影响

[目的]探索菜豆生产的高效节水技术。[方法]设置不同灌溉方式和不同农艺措施的处理,研究不同处理对菜豆生长和水分利用的影响。[结果]滴灌能明显降低耗水量,比畦灌减少耗水量30.0%,耗水强度也明显降低了,菜豆产量和水分生产效率均显著提高了,增产率为25.5%,水分生产效率提高了7.83kg/mm。在畦灌条件下,不同农艺措施之间耗水总量和耗水强度差异不大,但产量和水分生产效率差异较大。种衣剂和叶面肥处理的产量及水分生产效率显著高于对照的,增产率分别为21.1%和12.0%,水分生产效率分别提高2.48和1.70kg/mm。根瘤菌与对照之间产量和水分生产效率差异不大。[结论]菜豆采用滴灌节水效果虽然较好,但一次性投资较大,应因地制宜采用。     

黑豆酱油的研制

[目的]研究以黑豆代替部分黄豆为原料生产酿造酱油的工艺,利用黑豆的营养性和功能性来提高酱油的营养价值,为开发酿造酱油的新品种提供借鉴。[方法]采用低盐固态发酵的生产方式进行生产,对制曲物料配比、发酵过程中的温度等工艺进行了研究。[结果]当原料中黑豆、黄豆、麸皮的配比为75∶55∶10时,在黑豆酱油理化指标中,无盐固形物为20.130 g/ml,氨基态氮为0.815 g/ml,总氮为1.719 g/ml,出品率为5.3%;低盐固态发酵过程中,当温度为43℃时,黑豆酱油中总氮为1.794 g/ml,氨基态氮为0.826 g/ml,糖分为3.760g/ml,波美度为22.7,pH值为4.6。[结论]低盐固态发酵生产黑豆酱油时,最佳的制曲物料的配比为黑豆∶黄豆∶麸皮=75∶55∶10,最佳发酵温度为43℃。     

中性蛋白酶酶解绿豆蛋白制备寡肽的研究

[目的]利用中性蛋白酶将绿豆蛋白质水解成肽和氨基酸,通过优化酶解条件得到水解度较高的绿豆肽。[方法]选用中性蛋白酶对绿豆分离蛋白进行酶法水解以制备寡肽。在单因素考察的基础上,采用四因素三水平的正交试验设计优化酶解条件。[结果]试验得出,最适的反应条件为温度50℃、pH值6.5、底物浓度7%、酶浓度6000 U/g、水解时间240 min。[结论]绿豆分离蛋白在此条件下酶解,水解度的平均值可达28.82%。     

红小豆花芽分化与结实率的研究

2006-2007年对红小豆花芽分化与结实率进行了研究。结果表明:红小豆的营养生长和生殖生长并进时间长,花芽分化从出苗后6 d左右开始分化,分化时间长,分化小花多。小花分化进程与主茎叶片数之间具有同伸性。分枝和主茎不同叶位小花分化时期相互重叠,不同节位相同花位和同一节位不同花位小花分化有规律的进行。同一花序节位上的小花存在高节位滞育的问题,各节位小花脱落严重。     

对大豆油中相对密度不确定度的评定

对大豆油中相对密度进行不确定度的评定,建立不确定度评定程序和方法。依据GB/T5526—1985《植物油脂检验比重测定法》建立数学模型,进行不确定度的计算并合成不确定度。找出了影响大豆油中相对密度的主要因素,分析归纳了不确定度分量的主要来源,并对结果予以讨论。评定程序和方法符合规范要求,适用于同类型实验不确定度评定。     

调亏对春播蚕豆产量及其构成因素的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对蚕豆产量的影响及产量构成要素的变化,并对蚕豆籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数与产量构成要素及产量构成要素之间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:苗期或拔节期轻度缺水可增产14.05%和9.09%,节水4.14%和10.92%;苗期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期重度缺水使蚕豆单株粒重较对照分别下降9.5%、9.8%、22.3%和16.0%,百粒重较对照分别下降10.2%、6.0%、3.1%和7.0%,轻度缺水处理的百粒重均高于对照和重度缺水处理;蚕豆以苗期进行水分胁迫对提高收获指数的贡献最大;通过对产量构成因素的分析发现单株粒数、单株荚数和单株粒重是构成蚕豆产量的主要因素。     

绿豆发芽过程中营养成分的变化

通过对绿豆发芽过程中营养成分含量的变化进行分析,结果表明脂肪和还原糖含量随时间的延长而下降,而蛋白质、维生素A、维生素C和异黄酮含量在发芽后均较未发芽时增加。其中维生素A和维生素C的含量增加最多,维生素A含量在7d内增幅92．42％,维生素C含量则由0增加至9．66rag／100g,蛋白质含量增加也较多,由25．01g／100g增加至42．15g／100g,脂肪含量在7d内下降27．78％,还原糖含量在第1天时达到最大值0．82g／100g,以后又逐渐减少,发芽到第7天时降至0．48g／100g,异黄酮含量在第4天时达到最大值0．78g／100g,以后略有下降。