底墒对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响研究

针对甘肃陇东旱作雨养农业区的冬小麦产量低而不稳,水分利用效率低下,冬小麦夏季休闲期正值该区的降雨高峰期,降雨和无效蒸发同步且土壤保持水分不足的问题开展试验研究。通过夏季休闲期的地膜覆盖、集雨抑蒸,提高播前底墒,并对模拟底墒试验的产量、水分利用效率进行了研究分析得出:播前底墒对该区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有显著的影响,通过提高底墒,对于稳定产量有较大贡献,提高生育期降水利用率,对提高产量有较大贡献。在分析多年研究资料的基础上,提出了该区冬小麦产量和播前土壤水分含量之间的模拟关系式以及冬小麦产量和生育期降雨量之间的模拟关系式。     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

强制夹持式玉米精量排种器的设计

新疆玉米种植采用地膜覆盖,膜下滴灌,膜上点播的栽培技术,针对玉米膜上精量点播的技术要求,根据强制夹持原理,提出一种新型的机械强制夹持玉米精量排种的方法,通过对3种玉米种子的物理力学特性进行测定,以及对取种、投种过程进行深入的理论分析,建立数学模型,为排种器的结构设计提供依据.在JPS-12计算机视觉技术排种器试验台上对试制排种器进行台架试验,验证了强制夹持式排种器在对玉米形状为小圆、小扁具有良好的适应性,当工作速度3.5 km/h时,单粒率＞85％,满足玉米精量播种要求.     

Effects of fragmentation on pollinator assemblage, pollen limitation and seed production of Mediterranean myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Pollinator assemblages may shift as a consequence of the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. The scarcity of mates and pollinators can lead plant populations to suffer from pollen limitation and a decrease in reproductive performance within fragmented areas. We studied the shift in pollinator assemblages along with pollen limitation and seed production patterns in the Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis. Our study included six populations contrasting in patch and population size (Large vs. Small) within a fragmented landscape characterized by ∼1% of potential forest coverage. The breeding system in Myrtus communis was self-compatible, but compared with natural pollination, fruit set increased with pollen addition (quantity limited), and seed set (brood size) increased with outcross pollen addition (quality limited). While the pollinator assemblage in Large patches was taxonomically diverse, it was almost monopolized by honeybees in Small patches, where visitation rates were highest and wild bee species were almost absent. In general, Small populations were less pollen limited for fruit set than Large populations, particularly those that received the highest rates of honeybee visits. However, despite differences in fragmentation and pollinators between Large and Small populations, seed production patterns (brood size and seed mass) were rather similar among them, in agreement with similar pollen limitation levels found for brood size. A higher susceptibility of native pollinators to the presence of honeybee hives was found in Small patches, suggesting that the pollinator assemblage may be severely altered when fragmentation occurs in combination with beekeeping. We discuss its implications and effects on plant reproduction in fragmented areas.     

6个籼型水稻光温敏核不育系异交特性的研究

以３２０４Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、１１０３Ｓ和９４５１Ｓ等６个籼核不育系为材料,对其异交性能进行了研究。结果表明：（１）６个核流通 系的颖花开花率均高于对照珍汕９７Ａ;柱头外露率从高到低依次为１１０３Ｓ、珍汕９７Ａ（ＣＫ）、３２０４Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、８９０６Ｓ、ＨＮ５Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ;８９０６３Ｓ、安湘Ｓ、９４５１Ｓ有花率比对照珍汕９７Ａ高,６个核不 系的平均张颖时间均比对照珍汕９７Ａ短;（２）     

氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础

 在大田高产条件下研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础。结果表明 ,适当提高氮素水平既能增加小麦籽粒产量又能提高蛋白质含量 ,使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量达到同步增加 ,氮素水平过高虽能够提高籽粒蛋白质含量 ,但籽粒产量下降。适当提高氮素水平可以提高源器官碳素同化能力和氮素同化能力 ,又能够促进开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中运转 ,增加籽粒中淀粉合成有关酶和氮素同化酶的活性 ,从而导致小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量同步增加。氮素水平过高 ,虽能促进源器官和籽粒中的氮素同化能力 ,但由于碳素同化酶和籽粒淀粉合成酶活性降低和开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中的运转效率降低 ,而导致小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高 ,产量下降。     

半干旱地区地膜覆盖、底墒和氮肥对春小麦根系生长的集成效应

在年降水量 4 1 5 m m的黄土高原中部黄绵土上 ,以春小麦 (Triticum aestivum)为供试作物进行大田试验 ,研究地膜覆盖 (设不覆膜、播种后覆膜 30 d、覆膜 6 0 d和全程覆膜 )、底墒 (设低、高 2种底墒 )和施氮 (设不施氮和施氮 75 kg/hm2 )对春小麦根系生长的影响。结果表明 ,覆膜后作物根系生长加快 ,中下层根系比例增加 ,有利于吸收土壤深层水分。相对发达的根系保证了作物吸收器官 (根 )和失水器官 (叶 )间的平衡 ,协调根冠间的干物质分配关系 ,能在不影响根系吸收能力的前提下 ,提高光合产物的繁殖分配比例。适时揭膜能够改善光合产物分配 ,促进根系生长下扎 ,维持生长后期活性。全程覆膜处理的表层和中层 (30～ 6 0 cm)土壤中 ,根系生物量显著低于其他处理 ,原因在于后期覆膜使土壤温度急剧升高 ,造成根系大量死亡和活性下降。因此及时揭膜 ,有利于作物生长后期的根冠比保持在较高水平 ,而全程覆膜对维持作物生长后期较高的根冠比不利     

杉木第2代种子园效果分析

调查分析了广东龙山林场杉木第2代种子园母树生长、结实情况和种子播种品质及2代园子代测定与现实增益等．结果显示：嫁接6～8年,2代园母树保存率74．39％,正冠率87．65％,母树生长正常．结实株率50．45％,单株结实指数1．52,母树结实力中下。球果出籽率、种子千粒质量、发芽率和发芽势分别为3．24％、6．554g、31．74％和23．16％,种子播种品质总体上优于同龄初级种子园,但劣于1．5代种子园．来自广东、广西的建园亲本,在结实力及子代速生性方面均优于来自福建、贵州、湖南的亲本．4年生子代测定结果表明,2代园材积现实增益7．58％～10．60％,建设2代园提高种子遗传品质的关键目的已实现,广东龙山2代种子园营建基本上是成功的。     

群体调控对济南17号小麦产量性状的影响

选择我省不同气候、生态条件和地力水平的陵县和菏泽市研究济南 17号小麦播种期和基本苗与产量的关系。结果表明 :不同的播种期和基本苗通过对群体发育的调控 ,从而对群体LAI、单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量产生显著的影响 ;但播期和基本苗对济南 17号千粒重的影响不大 ,不同地域、不同地力和气候因素对千粒重的影响似乎更大些。研究还表明济南 17号小麦具有突出的耐大群体的特点 ,但不适宜晚播。对两试点产量水平分析表明 ,济南 17号适宜在高肥地力条件下种植。     

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压精密播种机的研制与试验

２ＢＬＺ－２型垄上镇压精密播种机是为ＳＺＬ－２型深施肥整地联合作业机研制的配套机具。对该机的结构设计与技术参数做一介绍,并对田间试验进行了统计分析。