Experiences derived from the Carabid Beetle Laboratory Test

The Carabid Beetle Laboratory Test using Poecilus cupreus (L.) was developed for the assessment of effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and is now available as an official guideline published by the BBA and the IOBC for the registration of pesticides. In this contribution some of the experiences in performing the test are summarized. In total, 126 compounds (mainly herbicides) were tested in 190 test runs (including water controls). In this acute laboratory test, the three parameters mortality, behaviour and feeding rate are investigated. Due to experiences with other ecotoxicological tests a one-way Analysis of Variance or ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni Test, was used for the statistical evaluation of the feeding rates. The results presented here show that a statistical evaluation of the feeding data is possible and that this parameter is useful for the assessment of side-effects of chemicals for these predatory arthropods. In testing the reference substance pyrazophos (formulation: ‘Afugan’ 294 g litre⁻¹ EC) the mortality varied considerably. It is proposed that at a given value (30%) for effects on the mortality and the feeding rate, a test substance should be tested in a semi-field or field situation.     

1-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (Kow) and pKa for Ionisable Pesticides Measured by apH-Metric Method

pK_a values for a wide range of commonly used ionisable pesticides, together with the log K_ow values of the most lipophilic form of each, have been measured using pH-metric techniques. Examples of acids, bases and multiprotic compounds from the major classes of herbicides, and a number of insecticides and fungicides that contain ionisable groups, are included. The pK_a and log K_ow values so obtained were generally in good agreement with values taken from the literature that were measured by other methods. The lower limit of log K_ow that could be measured by the pH-metric method lay below the -0·97 obtained for amitrole, but the method could not be applied to glyphosate for which shake-flask measurements indicated log K_ow below -3. The highest log K_ow obtained in this study was 5·12 for pentachlorophenol. The pH-metric technique offers a rapid and convenient method to determine pK_a and log K_ow for ionisable compounds, especially when utilising an automatic titration system linked to a dedicated computer.     

国内外荔枝农药残留限量标准对比分析

介绍了我国荔枝农药登记情况,归纳分析了新版GB/T 2763-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药残留最大限量》中涉及荔枝的农药最大残留限量标准,对比分析了国内外荔枝农药残留限量标准制定情况。在此基础上,总结了我国荔枝残留限量标准存在的问题,并提出了建议和措施,旨在为完善我国荔枝质量安全标准体系提供参考。     

2019年及近年我国农药登记情况和特点分析

总结、分析了2019年及近年我国农药登记的基本情况和特点。最近7年来,每年微毒/低毒农药登记数量与当年农药登记总量的比值,及与本年度新增登记数量的比值均持续上升,其比值的年均值分别为82.0%和93.4%;环境友好的剂型在迅速增加,悬浮剂与本年度新增产品登记数量的比值一直处于领先位置,可分散油悬浮剂的比值增长突显,乳油比值在逐年递减;杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂3大类农药登记数量与本年度新增登记数量的比值趋向显著平均;低风险的新农药登记数量在不断增加,生物源农药登记数量增长稳定,5年来其有效成分和产品的年均增长率分别为9.88%和9.46%。从政策和技术上促进特色小宗作物用药登记产品数量快速增加。上述特点表明,我国农药正朝着有利于人畜健康和生态环境安全的方向发展。     

The effectiveness of consistent roguing in managing banana bunchy top disease in smallholder production in Africa

The removal of infected individuals is a common practice in the management of plant disease outbreaks. It minimizes the contact between healthy individuals and inoculum sources by reducing the infectious window of contaminated individuals. This requires early detection and consistent removal at landscape scale. Roguing of mats with symptoms of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in Cavendish banana production systems has been tested in Australia, using trained personnel, but has never been tested in smallholder systems. We studied the effectiveness of long-term consistent roguing in prolonging the productivity of banana orchards under smallholder farming systems in highland banana and plantain dominated production systems in Africa. We assessed the possibility of low-risk seed sourcing from the managed plots. Roguing reduced BBTD incidence to 2% in managed farmer fields and to 10% in experimental field plots, while a nonmanaged field eventually collapsed in the same period. With roguing, new infections decreased monthly compared to an exponential increase in a nonmanaged field. The emergence of new infections in both managed and nonmanaged farms followed a seasonal cycle. BBTD managed plots were a source of low-risk seed for replacing the rogued mats in the same fields, but perhaps not safe for use in nonendemic areas. We conclude that it is possible for smallholder farmers to recover and maintain banana productivity with rigorous roguing, which would entail early identification of symptoms and early removal of diseased mats. Studies are needed on the intensity of roguing under different disease and production conditions.     

南水北调中线工程生态补偿计算研究

跨流域调水生态补偿的计算方法和考虑因素直接影响着受水区在调水工作中的参与热情.本研究以南水北调陕西汉中、安康、商洛水源区及京、津、冀、豫受水区为研究区,在考虑水源区水土保持建设、受水区水市场情况、水源区水资源价值、水源区排污权损失价值基础上,加入未来水资源调度机会成本、市民意愿支付差价占比及意愿支付补偿额占比,重新计算生态补偿总量.得陕西水源区当前可计算的受水区补偿额为62.42亿元/年.为发展中南水北调中线工程生态补偿计算提供新的计算思路和方法.     

一种改进的双能量源电动汽车功率分配策略

以并联式双能量源(锂电池组&超级电容)纯电动汽车为研究对象,提出一种改进的功率分配策略。这种功率分配策略在模糊控制的基础上增加深度神经网络训练过程,以获得更精确的功率分配因子。通过整车模型构建、功率分配模型构建、功率分配策略制定、仿真验证结果分析后得出结论:与电量消耗功率分配策略相比,这种改进的功率分配策略能优化锂电池组和超级电容二者之间的功率分流,限制锂电池组充放电的峰值电流,延长复合储能系统的工作寿命,提升动力系统的工作效率。     

深圳填海区植物根际土壤耐盐菌株筛选与鉴定

【目的】耐盐菌在盐渍土壤中分布广泛,研究其分布特征可为下一步盐渍土改良和降低植物盐害工作提供有益参考。【方法】从深圳坝光和宝安填海区灌木根际采集10个土壤样品,利用不同浓度的NaCl培养基分离耐盐菌种,并通过电镜形态观察和基因组DNA扩增测序对其进行鉴定。【结果】从灌木根际土壤中分离出66株根际菌株,其中14株具有强耐盐能力,可在10%～14% NaCl浓度下生长。电镜结果和16S rDNA序列分析表明,深圳坝光和宝安填海区土壤耐盐菌种类丰富且形态差异明显,14株细菌中有13株来自芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),1株来自溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)。此外,对其中3株耐盐菌的碳源利用能力分析结果表明,3株菌具有不同的碳源利用能力,NY12可利用的碳源种类最多。【结论】首次对灌木根际耐盐菌株进行分离鉴定,共分离出14株强耐盐菌株,其形态和碳源利用能力差异显著。     

杨庄煤矿区农田塌陷水域多介质OCPs污染特征及生态风险研究

为研究采煤活动影响下农田塌陷水域有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征及潜在生态风险,使用GC-MS对淮南潘一矿的杨庄农田塌陷区水体和底泥中的OCPs特征污染物六六六(HCHs)及滴滴涕(DDTs)进行质量浓度测定,利用ArcGIS进行OCPs分布特征及来源研究,并选择共识沉积物质量基准法(CB-SQGs)对潜在生态风险进行分析。结果表明:杨庄沉陷区溶解态ΣOCPs质量浓度范围为72.06～218.89 ng·L~(-1),均值为167.32 ng·L~(-1);悬浮态和沉积态ΣOCPs范围为199.35～405.04 ng·g~(-1)dw和24.34～1 247.32ng·g~(-1)dw,均值为277.07 ng·g~(-1)dw和238.78 ng·g~(-1)dw;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs质量浓度自上游向下游方向随水流呈削减趋势;杨庄塌陷水体中HCHs主要来自于林丹,DDTs主要来自于农业三氯杀螨醇;溶解态OCPs低于国家Ⅲ类水质标准限额,处于低生态风险水平;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs处于中高生态风险水平,其中沉积态OCPs毒性发生率略低于悬浮态OCPs毒性发生率。