谷物等温解吸和吸湿平衡规律的快速测量

提出了采用Ｎｏｖａｓｉｎａ水分活度仪快速测定谷物平衡相对湿度和谷物等温解吸与吸湿平衡规律的方法．本方法不仅具有测量迅速、测量范围宽的优点，而且还具有一定的通用性     

Geochemical Fractionation and Adsorption Characteristics of Zinc in Thai Major Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) is a vital plant nutrient that is widely deficient in Thai cultivated calcareous soils. The chemical fractionation and adsorption of Zn are among the most important solid- and liquid-phase interactions that determine the retention of Zn in the soils. This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and adsorption isotherms of Zn in cultivated Thai calcareous soils. The results of sequential extractions showed that Zn is mainly distributed in residual fractions followed by organic-bound, iron and manganese oxides-bound, carbonate-bound, and exchangeable Zn, respectively. Zinc adsorption was well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thai calcareous soils had high Zn adsorption capacity. Soil pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, and extractable calcium were the major soil properties that affected the Zn adsorption isotherms in these soils. Zinc hydroxide was the solid precipitate and the Zn hydroxide ion (ZnOH⁺) was the dominant Zn ion in alkaline equilibrium solution.     

Contributions of Extractives and Lignin to the Fractal Geometry of Internal Wood Surfaces

Internal wood surfaces can be treated as fractals, which are between Euclidean geometry and complete randomness. The fractal dimension Dfs is very informative in investigating the roughness of the internal surfaces of wood. In this study, the water sorption isotherms, including adsorption and desorption isotherm, of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified (after benzene-alcohol extracted) spruce (Cuninghamia lanceolata) were measured at 30℃. On the basis of these isotherms, the Dfs values were calculated by FHH equation, which is based on multimolecular sorption. The results showed that both groups of Dfs values (respectively calculated from adsorption and desorption isotherms) of untreated, benzene-alcohol extracted and delignified wood have same order, that is, untreated > benzene-alcohol extracted - delignified. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the benzene-alcohol extractives have significant contribution to the fractal geometry of internal wood surfaces. Lignin also has influ     

食品中反式脂肪酸的形成机制和安全性研究

从反式脂肪酸的结构、理化特性入手,对其进入食品的形成机制进行了剖析,指出主要是由于在油脂加工过程中异构化产生的。从食品油脂安全性出发,阐述了食用过多反式脂肪酸会对人类健康产生危害的各种可能不良后果。结合上述分析指出了各国对反式脂肪酸在食品中的规范及如何有效减少反式脂肪酸产生的方法。最后,提出了我国在食用油脂时为防止反式脂肪酸的危害应采取的措施。     

基于改进YOLOv7的复杂环境下红花采摘识别

针对光照、遮挡、密集以及样本数量不均衡等复杂环境造成红花机械化采摘识别不准问题,提出一种基于YOLOv7的改进模型,制作红花样本数据集建立真实采摘的复杂环境数据,增加Swin Transformer注意力机制提高模型对各分类样本的检测精准率,改进Focal Loss损失函数提升多分类任务下不均衡样本的识别率。经试验,改进后的模型各类别样本的检测平均准确率（mAP）达到88.5%,与改进前相比提高了7个百分点,不均衡类别样本平均精度（AP）提高了15.9个百分点,与其他模型相比,检测平均准确率与检测速度均大幅提升。结果表明改进后的模型可以准确地实现对红花的检测,模型参数量小识别速度快,适合在红花采摘机械上进行迁移部署,可为机械化实时采摘研究提供技术支持。     

Physical carbon‐sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability

The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic‐matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three‐phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo‐mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water‐repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact‐angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water‐repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro‐aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils.     

我国湿地松抗松针褐斑病研究进展

湿地松松针褐斑病是我国南方松树上的重要病害，本文综合概述了我国自８０年初开始的湿地松抗松针褐斑病的研究，重点介绍了湿地松松针褐斑病的抗病选择和抗病机制的研究进展，并对这些研究作了分析评述，１２２株抗病单株已被收集，４ｈｍ＾２抗病湿地松种子园已在省建立，松针褐斑病的抗病机制也作了初步分析。     

分子标记在入侵植物研究中的应用

入侵植物给入侵地的生态系统造成了多重影响,而入侵生态学研究对探析入侵植物成功入侵的机制及其可持续控制具有重要的理论和实际意义。分子标记作为一种基于DNA水平的遗传分析技术,为解决入侵生态学研究的许多基本问题提供了很好的手段与平台。基于此,简要综述了分子标记技术在入侵植物遗传多样性分析、入侵机制及入侵模式探究等方面的应用研究进展。     

大豆α-生育酚的遗传与QTL分析

【目的】 通过对大豆α-生育酚进行遗传和QTL分析,研究其遗传机制,定位其主效QTL,为高α-生育酚含量的大豆品种选育奠定遗传学基础。【方法】 以栽培大豆晋豆23为母本、山西农家品种大豆灰布支黑豆（ZDD02315）为父本杂交衍生的447个RIL作为供试群体构建遗传图谱,试验群体及亲本分别于2011年、2012年和2015年夏季在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地种植,冬季在海南省三亚南繁基地种植。田间试验采取随机区组设计,2次重复。从6个环境中每个家系选取15.00 g籽粒饱满,大小一致的大豆种子,利用高效液相色谱法定性、定量测定样品中的α-生育酚含量。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法和WinQTLCart 2.5复合区间作图法,对大豆α-生育酚含量进行主基因+多基因混合遗传分析和QTL定位。【结果】 基于主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法,α-生育酚受4对主基因控制,遗传基因分布在双亲中。4对主基因间加性效应值中3对为正值,表明这些基因来源于母本晋豆23;1对为负值,表明该对基因来源于父本灰布支黑豆;4对主基因之间相互作用的上位性效应表现为正值和负值的各有3对,说明不同基因间上位性效应对α-TOC的影响方向并不完全一致。环境因素引起的变异为0.13%—4.05%。表明α-TOC主要受4对主基因影响,受环境因素影响较小。采用WinQTLCart 2.5复合区间作图（CIM）共检测到17个影响α-生育酚的QTL,分布于第1、2、5、6、8、14、16、17共8条染色体中,单个QTL的贡献率8.35%—35.78%,QTL主要表现为加性效应。qα-D1a-1同时在2011年原阳、2012年原阳和三亚、2015年原阳4个环境下检测到,且均定位在第1染色体Satt320—Satt254标记区间19.79 cM处,解释的表型变异分别为12.55%、12.01%和11.89%、12.61%,加性效应值0.119-0.132,增加α-TOC含量的等位基因来自母本晋豆23;qα-A2-1同时在2011年原阳和三亚、2015年原阳3个环境下检测到,且均定位在第8染色体Sat_129—Satt377标记区间44.53 cM处,解释的表型变异分别为23.18%和22.56%、23.01%,加性效应值-0.195—-0.180,增加α-TOC含量的等位基因来自父本灰布支黑豆。qα-D1a-1和qα-A2-1 2个QTL能够稳定遗传。【结果】 α-生育酚最适遗传模型符合4MG-AI,即4对具有加性上位性效应的主基因遗传模型。其遗传主要受4对主基因影响,受环境因素影响较小。检测到α-生育酚的2个稳定主效QTL,Satt320—Satt254和Sat_129—Satt377是共位标记区间。     

不同添加剂对土壤中乙草胺吸附/解吸的影响

采用批处理恒温振荡法,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪研究了人工添加不同吸附物质对土壤中乙草胺的吸附/解吸作用.结果表明,人工添加不同吸附物质对土壤中乙草胺的吸附强度和吸附容量不同,不同的添加剂对土壤中乙草胺的吸附懈吸作用均呈现明显的非线性关系,可用Freundlich模型描述.并且随着土壤中添加剂量的增大,吸附强度增大、吸附容量增大、所得吸附等温线的非线性也逐步增大;另外,添加剂对乙草胺的解吸迟滞作用也随添加剂含量的增高而更加明显.但是不同添加剂对土壤中乙草胺的吸附能力有明显差异,其中煤粉的吸附能力最大,其次是壳聚糖,沸石最小.