AM真菌改善植物磷营养吸收和转运机制的研究进展

旨在深入了解丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌在植物吸收和转运磷元素方面的机制。本研究归纳了近年来关于AM真菌能够促使植物改善磷营养（如磷酸盐转运蛋白、磷酸酶基因等）相关的最新研究成果,着重分析了AM真菌的菌根吸收途径,总结了国内外关于AM真菌对水溶性无机磷、难溶性无机磷和有机磷等3种土壤磷存在形态下的利用机制。最后指出该领域仍存在的一些问题以及未来的研究侧重点。     

Wild relatives of sorghum as sources of resistance to sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata

The levels of resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum germplasm are low to moderate and therefore, we evaluated 17 wild relatives of sorghum under field and greenhouse conditions as an alternate source of genes for resistance to this pest. Thirty-two accessions belonging to Parasorghum , Stiposorghum and Heterosorghum did not suffer any shoot fly damage under multi-choice conditions in the field, while one accession each of Heterosorghum ( Sorghum laxiflorum ) and Chaetosorghum ( S. macrospermum ) suffered very low shoot fly damage. Accessions belonging to S. exstans (TRC 243601), S. stipoideum (TRC 243399) and S. matarankense (TRC 243576) showed absolute non-preference for oviposition under no-choice conditions. Accessions belonging to Heterosorghum , Parasorghum and Stiposorghum were preferred for oviposition, but suffered low deadheart formation. Manual infestation of seedlings with shoot fly eggs did not result in deadheart formation in some of the accessions belonging to S. exstans (TRC 243601), S. stipoideum (TRC 243399), S. matarankense (TRC 243576) and S. purpureosericeum (IS 18944). Larval mortality was recorded in main stems of the Parasorghums . Within section Sorghum , accessions belonging to S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum were highly susceptible to shoot fly, as were those of S. halepense . However, a few accessions such as IS 18226 (race arundinaceum ) and IS 14212 ( S. halepense ) resulted in reduced survival and fecundity. Wild relatives of sorghum exhibited very high levels of antibiosis to A. soccata , while only low levels of antibiosis have been observed in the cultivated germplasm. Therefore, wild relatives with different mechanisms of resistance can be used as a source of alternate genes to increase the levels and diversify the basis of resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata .     

丙基双氢茉莉酮酸酯诱导棉花耐黄萎病的效应

温室内以10mg·L 1的丙基双氢茉莉酮酸酯(PDJ)灌根预处理后,再用黄萎病菌(Verticilliumdahliae)孢子悬浮液接种棉苗,处理棉苗与对照相比发病率和病情指数有所降低,表现出对棉花黄萎病的耐病性。对一些生化指标进行测定发现,PDJ灌根和接种都可引起棉苗叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性升高和木质素含量的增加,与此同时棉花叶片中的过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量也都有所上升,在此基础上对PDJ诱导棉花耐黄萎病的可能生化机制作了归纳。     

水稻中抗品种抗褐稻虱机制的研究

褐稻虱在中抗水稻品种上的刺探频率低于抗级品种。虽然褐稻虱在中抗品种上能正常取食,但同化利用率较低。中抗品种受害后,无论是植株损害系数、光合作用强度降低程度或产量损失率均显著较感虫品种的少,说明了受害后较之感虫品种具有较强的补偿能力。另外,水稻品种受害后呼吸强度均较健株的明显降低。     

甘蓝型油菜硫甙含量对接种菌核病的反应

研究了甘蓝型油菜硫苷含量与人工接种菌核病的互作关系。在油菜五叶期,人工接种菌核病菌丝体,然后在接种当天和接种后第１、第３和第７ｄ分析接种叶片和其它叶片的硫苷变化,所有参试「抗（耐）病和感病」品系都对人工接种菌核病菌丝体反应强烈,在接种第３叶,硫苷含量显著增加。但是抗（耐）病品系的硫苷增加不仅仅限于接种叶片,品系０１４硫苷增加在接种后第７ｄ的非接种叶片最幼嫩的第７叶片最为明显。品系０２０硫苷增加在接     

Characterization of host tolerance to Striga hermonthica

Summary One of the most promising control options against the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica is the use of crop varieties that combine resistance with high levels of tolerance. The aim of this study was to clarify the relation between Striga infestation level, Striga infection level and relative yield loss of sorghum and to use this insight for exploring the options for a proper screening procedure for tolerance. In three pot experiments, conducted in Mali (2003) and The Netherlands (2003, 2004), four sorghum genotypes were exposed to a range of Striga infestation levels, ranging from 0.0625 to 16 seeds cm⁻³. Observations included regular Striga emergence counts and sorghum grain yield at maturity. There were significant genotype, infestation and genotype × infestation effects on sorghum yield. The relation between infestation level and infection level was density dependent. Furthermore, the relation between Striga infection level and relative yield loss was non-linear, though for the most resistant genotype Framida only the linear part of the relation was obtained, as even at high infestation levels only moderate infection levels were achieved. The results suggest that for resistant genotypes, tolerance can best be quantified as a reduced relative yield loss per aboveground Striga plant, whereas for less resistant genotypes the maximum relative yield loss can best be used. Whether both expressions of tolerance are interrelated could not be resolved. Complications of screening for tolerance under field conditions are discussed.     

Effect of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sorghum on host plant interaction with sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola

Summary Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the reaction of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genic-cytoplasmic male-sterile (A-lines) and their maintainers (B-lines), and the effect of resistant and susceptible restorers on sorghum midge. Midge damage and adult emergence were significantly lower on the B-lines of midge-resistant genotypes (PM 7061 and PM 7068) than their corresponding A-lines, while the reverse was true for the midge-susceptible genotypes (296A and ICSA 42). Differences in midge damage and the number of midges emerged were not significant between the midge-resistant and midge-susceptible A-lines when infested without pollination (except midge emergence on PM 7061A). Pollination with a midge-resistant restorer (DJ6541) reduced midge emergence significantly in one of two seasons. Source of pollen did not influence midge emergence on the highly-resistant A-line, PM 7061A. The implications of these observations in the development of midge-resistant hybrids were discussed.     

土壤磷素Langmuir等温吸附特性与磷肥效果的关系

应用Langmuir等温式解释土壤磷吸收附等温线,具有良好的适合性。在24个供试土壤中,有21个土壤的相关系数达到极显著水准,3个达显著水准。通过Langmuir等温式可获得土壤吸磷参数——最大吸磷量(Xm)和吸附平衡常数(K)。Xm值可以衡量土壤磷库的大小,K值反映了土壤吸磷反应自由能下降的程度。Xm和K与磷肥利用率呈极显著负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.7146、～0.6233。不同性质的土壤,适宜作物生长的土壤平衡溶液磷浓度差异不大。当土壤平衡溶液磷浓度为0.1ppm P时,水稻产量可达最高产量的95％以上。因此,可根据Langmuir方程计算出满足水稻正常生长所需要的磷肥施用量。