移栽时期对高粱产量的影响

高粱不同育苗移栽时期试验结果表明:4月15日和4月25日移栽的高粱经济性状好,产量高,单产达330～337.5kg/667m2。随着移栽时期的前后推移,产量都会降低。     

不同抗旱保水剂及其用量对高粱保水效果及产量的影响

为了探讨不同抗旱保水剂及其用量对高粱保水性能及产量的影响,采用陕西杨凌抗旱保水剂和河北唐山抗旱保水剂1～2 kg/667m2在高粱上试验.结果表明,陕西杨凌抗旱保水剂保水效果优于河北唐山抗旱保水剂,且以陕西杨凌抗旱保水剂施2 kg/667m2对高粱土壤保水效果较好;高粱产量以处理3(陕西杨凌抗旱保水剂施2 kg/667m2)最高,为346.4 kg/667m2,较对照增产13.2%.     

Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae biocontrol in sorghum

Maximum germination distance(MGD) is an important component of Striga resistance in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine gene action influencing MGD of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica among selected sorghum lines treated with a biocontrol agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae(FOS) for effective breeding with Striga resistance, and FOS compatibility. Twelve sorghum genotypes were selected based on their Striga resistance, FOS compatibility, and superior agronomic performance. Selected genotypes were crossed using a bi-parental mating design to generate six families for genetic analysis. Agar-gel assays were used to determine low haustorium initiation factor(LHF) using the 12 parental lines, their F_1 progenies, backcross derivatives, and F_2 segregants in two sets. One set had S. hermonthica seed and the other one had S. asiatica seed. Both were treated with and without FOS. Genotypes were evaluated using a split-plot design with three replications and MGD data were recorded followed by generation mean analysis. FOS reduced MGD by 1cm under both S. hermonthica and S. asiatica infestations. Additive, dominance, and epistatic gene actions were involved in the control of MGD of the two Striga species in the evaluated populations. On average, the relative contribution of additive, additive×additive and dominance×dominance genetic effects on the MGD of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, with FOS, were 20, 33, and 36%; and 21, 32, and 35%, respectively. Breeding methods exploiting these genetic effects may provide enhanced response to selection for Striga resistance and FOS compatibility in integrated Striga management(ISM) programmes.     

24个甜高粱品种主要农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

本研究对国内9份和国外15份甜高粱自交系品种的45个农艺性状和品质性状在新疆干旱区的表现进行遗传参数分析。目的是了解甜高粱种质资源在新疆干旱区的表现,为新疆干旱区甜高粱品种选育提供参考依据。遗传多样性分析表明,主要农艺、产量及品质性状的遗传多样性指数平均为1.831 9,明显高于分级性状的0.779 6。其中,茎秆产量的遗传多样性指数达到1.817 2,茎秆可溶性总糖含量遗传多样性指数为1.946 9。变异系数分析表明,各性状的遗传变异潜力较大。其中,叶鞘可溶性总糖含量变异系数最大为50.3%,播种-出苗期变异系数最小为5.7%,总体平均为23.9%。遗传参数分析表明,农艺性状平均广义遗传率为0.74;产量性状平均广义遗传率为0.92;各品质性状平均广义遗传率为0.93,其中茎秆可溶性总糖的广义遗传率达到0.99。进一步分析发现茎秆产量和茎秆可溶性总糖含量的相对遗传进度分别为81.1%和84.9%,可获得遗传增量分别是122.3和212.3g/kg,说明该甜高粱群体的茎秆产量和茎秆可溶性总糖含量均有着巨大的改良潜力。     

不同高粱自交系幼胚组织培养及植株再生

以7份高粱自交系幼胚为外植体,研究了不同基因型对组织培养的反应和植株再生的差异。结果表明:不同高粱基因型间愈伤组织诱导率没有明显差异,但胚性愈伤组织百分率、不定芽分化率以及再生频率有明显差异。其中YN336A、YN267R、YN510R和YN338A的再生效果较好,其不定芽发生率、不定根发生率及移栽成活率分别为64.4%-72.8%,76.2%-100.0%和36.3%-80.0%。对只生根不生芽的基因型,加入1-2 mg/L KT有明显抑制生根、促进生芽的效应。     

饲用高粱在庆阳市北部旱作区生长适应性评价

[目的]为研究引进的饲用高粱在庆阳市北部旱作区适应性。[方法]在覆膜栽培条件下,对引进的6个饲用高粱品种进行品比试验,利用主成分分析法对其10个性能指标进行评价分析。[结果]大龙、牛魔王2个品种综合得分排名前2位。[结论]大龙、牛魔王可以作为示范推广品种。     

Conservation tillage systems for sorghum production under semi‐arid conditions in India

Abstract

Field research was conducted near Hyderabad, India, during 1981 and 1982 to investigate zero‐tillage and reduced‐tillage systems for production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) under semi‐arid tropical conditions. Part of the investigation compared post‐seeding hand weeding and herbicide treatments for weed control efficacy. The results showed that shallow pre‐seeding tillage was just as effective as deep cultivations in producing high sorghum fodder and grain yields provided weeds were controlled after crop emergence. Both tillage regimes were more effective than a no tillage regime which received only a mixture of glyphosate and 2,4‐D prior to seeding. Post‐seeding weed control practices were essential to maintain high fodder and grain yields of sorghum. Hand weeding and inter‐row blade harrowing were more effective than atrazine applied pre‐emergence or 2,4‐D applied post‐emergence.     

高粱花生间作对不同单行作物根系性状及土壤微生物的影响

以高粱品种辽粘3号和花生品种阜花18号为材料,设置高粱单作（S）、花生单作（P）和高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）3个处理,研究高粱花生间作模式土壤微生物群落组成及结构特征差异。间作处理取样位置为相邻行和间隔行,高粱和花生分别命名为S1、S2和P1、P2。结果表明：相同种植面积时,间作高粱产量显著高于单作,间作高粱产量增加36.14%,间作花生产量较单作下降12.86%,高粱花生间作土地当量比提高12.0%;与单作相比,间作高粱S1根长、根体积、根表面积和根系活跃吸收面积分别增加28.01%、12.86%、18.53%和18.42%,间作花生P2分别增加39.87%、66.67%、47.94%和21.43%;高粱根际土壤微生物共检测到种群2 825个,花生2 826个;丰富度指数中,高粱间作处理Chao1值显著高于单作,S1和S2分别增加8.10%和8.23%,花生P2和P1分别增加7.70%和4.23%,高粱花生间作处理微生物数目（Observed OTUs）均显著高于单作;多样性指数中,花生P2的Shannon指数增加了27.60%,间作高粱S1和S2的Simposon指数均显著高于高粱单作;各处理共有优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,同时优势菌门与根系性状间均存在显著正相关关系。主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,土壤微生物群落结构受根长、根体积、根表面积影响,间作模式土壤微生物功能特征高于单作模式。高粱花生间作（行比4∶4）时高粱为优势作物,花生为弱势作物。间作体系显著改善高粱相邻行根系生长发育,同时提高土壤微生物群落功能特征。     

种植模式和多茬收割对饲用型甜高粱产量的影响

研究了饲用型甜高粱在不同种植模式条件下（全膜双垄沟灌栽培、全膜覆盖平作栽培、露地栽培）对土壤含水量、植株外部形态及产量的影响;单茬收割以及不同株高条件下2茬收割、3茬收割对产量的影响.结果表明：覆膜处理能高效利用降水和灌水,使植株茎秆含糖率增加,显著增加株高和产量,尤其全膜覆盖平作处理较露地栽培水分利用效率高70.52kg/（mm· hm2）,增产41.74％.收获两茬产量要比收获1茬高10.98％,比收割3茬高18.64％;在收割两茬的情况下,头茬株高150cm时刈割总产量比头茬株高200cm时刈割总产增产4.49％.在生育期只有150d左右的区域,饲用型甜高粱可选择两茬或单茬收割,头茬在株高150cm左右收割,二茬收割时间在早霜来临之前.