兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的生态行为

通过室内培养和土壤薄层层析等实验方法，研究了磺胺二甲嘧啶对土壤微生物的毒性及其在土壤中的降解、迁移特性。结果显示：在土壤磺胺二甲嘧啶浓度为1mg kg^-1时，土壤中细菌和真菌数量明显减少（p〈0．05），但随时间延长，该抑制作用变缓；磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中降解缓慢，持留时间久，在灭菌土和未灭菌土中的半衰期分别为223．9d和102．4d，并容易在土壤中迁移和渗漏，迁移系数R大于0．7，迁移和渗漏速度受介质pH的影响，在非中性环境下，移动和渗漏能力增强。表明磺胺二甲嘧啶是一种在土壤中不易被降解、容易迁移和渗漏到水体、对土壤微生物和水体产生危害的新型污染源。     

小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

胡萝卜渗透脱水传质试验研究

通过研究胡萝卜在不同浓度、温度的蔗糖溶液中的传质现象，探讨了渗透溶液浓度和温度对胡萝卜传质的影响显著性及规律。蔗糖溶液浓度和温度的取值分别为40%、50%、60%和30℃、40℃、57℃；渗透时间为0～240 min。结果表明：蔗糖溶液温度比浓度对胡萝卜传质影响更显著；随着渗透溶液温度或浓度的增加，胡萝卜在渗透脱水时传质越明显。在渗透前30 min传质速率最快。对传质指标运用多指标综合评分法，得出了胡萝卜渗透脱水的最佳方案为渗透时间240 min，渗透溶液温度57℃，浓度60%。     

The reproductive biology and genetic diversity of Potamophila parviflora R. Br.

Potamophila parviflora, a wild relative ofdomestic rice, is endemic to the north-eastern river systemsof New South Wales, Australia. It is the only member of the genus,and is habitat specific. Several new sites were found, mostly in theUpper Clarence catchment. Florets of P.parviflora were found to be 86%female-only, while 14% contained mature malereproductive parts, which occurred more often in the middle sectionof the panicle. Pollen was found to be necessary for the developmentof mature fruits. RAPD data showed that there is very little geneticvariation between individual plants, or between differentpopulations. An embryological study showed several irregularities inmegasporogenesis and megagametogenesis. No tetrads were observed inmegasporogenesis and the ovule is vacuolate at the megaspore mothercell stage. Megagametogenesis proceeded rapidly, nuclei within theovule were sometimes not spherical and varied in size, and sometimesthe antipodal cells doubled in number with a corresponding halving insize of the nuclei. Chromosome number varied between 2n = 24and 2n = 25, between and within populations. These resultsindicate that P. parvifloracould be a diplosporous apomict of the Antennaria type, althoughfurther works are required to provide conclusive proof.     

绵羊和水牛实验感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞计数的分析

对绵羊和水牛在感染大片吸虫后外周血白细胞总数计数和白细胞分类计数(嗜酸性细胞、嗜中性细胞、嗜碱性细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞)的特性进行研究。结果表明,绵羊对大片吸虫很不易感,水牛对大片吸虫很易感。未感染绵羊和水牛的白细胞总数有较大的差距,分别为5 956(±825)个细胞/mm3血液和12 657(±1 053)个细胞/mm3血液。未感染绵羊和水牛的嗜酸性细胞占白细胞总数的百分比小于5%。淋巴细胞占的比例最大,绵羊为59.5%,水牛达70.8%。感染绵羊和未感染绵羊的白细胞总数、嗜酸性细胞计数在感染过程中总体上存在显著差异,感染后绵羊的嗜酸性细胞的数量迅速升高,在感染后4周(4W P I)达到高峰。而感染水牛和未感染水牛白细胞总数差异不显著,但嗜酸性细胞存在显著差异,感染后水牛的嗜酸性细胞的数量升高缓慢,到8 W P I达到高峰。结果提示嗜酸性细胞在感染绵羊中更加有效地参与了杀灭大片吸虫。     

苹果切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模拟及试验

为揭示果蔬干燥收缩变形的传热传质与应力应变的机理，确定果蔬微孔结构特性及内部毛细力等因素对其干燥过程的影响，该研究运用孔道网络方法、热质传递原理和细观力学理论等交叉学科知识，构建了孔隙尺度下果蔬切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模型，采用VC++开发孔道网络求解程序，模拟分析了果蔬切片的湿分场、温度场以及应力应变场等情况，并以苹果切片作为果蔬典型代表进行了热风干燥试验及模型验证。结果表明：湿含量、温度和收缩变形率的模拟值与试验值的相对误差小于10%，模型可有效模拟果蔬干燥热质传递与应力应变的收缩变形真实过程，再现了干燥过程中的"非规则收缩变形"现象；孔道网络模拟的湿分场、温度场及应力应变场均呈现为不规则非对称变化规律，产生了明显的干斑、湿斑、非规则干燥前沿等；毛细应力和湿应力对果蔬干燥收缩变形影响较大，其中毛细应力是引起非规则收缩变形的主导因素；孔隙结构参数对果蔬干燥过程影响显著；孔隙率越大，干燥时间越长，毛细应力越小；配位数越大，毛细应力越大，干燥时间越长；孔隙直径分布呈现均一直径分布规律的物料产生的毛细应力大，其次为孔隙直径分布呈现正态分布规律的物料和试验物料分布。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了一定的理论基础。     

Genotype x environment interaction in the uptake of Cs and Sr from soils by plants

The soil‐plant transfer factors for Cs and Sr were analyzed in relationship to soil properties, crops, and varieties of crops. Two crops and two varieties of each crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Salad Bowl Green and cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cv. French Breakfast 3 and cv. Scarlet Globe, were grown on five different soils amended with Cs and Sr to give concentrations of 1 mg kg^–1 and 50 mg kg^–1 of each element. Soil‐plant transfer coefficients ranged between 0.12–19.10 (Cs) and 1.48–146.10 (Sr) for lettuce and 0.09–13.24 (Cs) and 2.99–93.00 (Sr) for radish. Uptake of Cs and Sr by plants depended on both plant and soil properties. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between soil‐plant transfer factors for each plant type at the two soil concentrations. At each soil concentration about 60 % of the variance in the uptake of the Cs and Sr was due to soil properties. For a given concentration of Cs or Sr in soil, the most important factor effecting soil‐plant transfer of these elements was the soil properties rather than the crops or varieties of crops. Therefore, for the varieties considered here, soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr would be best regulated through the management of soil properties. At each concentration of Cs and Sr, the main soil properties effecting the uptake of Cs and Sr by lettuce and radish were the concentrations of K and Ca, pH and CEC. Together with the concentrations of contaminants in soils, they explained about 80 % of total data variance, and were the best predictors for soil‐plant transfer. The different varieties of lettuce and radish gave different responses in soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in different soil conditions, i.e. genotype x environment interaction caused about 30 % of the variability in the uptake of Cs and Sr by plants. This means that a plant variety with a low soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in one soil could have an increased soil‐plant transfer factor in other soils. The broad implications of this work are that in contaminated agricultural lands still used for plant growing, contaminant‐excluding crop varieties may not be a reliable method for decreasing contaminant transfer to foodstuffs. Modification of soil properties would be a more reliable technique. This is particularly relevant to agricultural soils in the former USSR still affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster.     

~(60)Co辐照诱变对姬松茸菌丝生长及其细胞形态结构的影响

本文报道了经不同剂量60 Coγ射线辐照对姬松茸菌丝生长、扭结和细胞形态结构的影响。结果表明 ,采用 0 2～ 0 5kGy低剂量辐射后的姬松茸菌丝 ,细胞壁比对照厚 ,而且细胞出现重度质壁分离。随着辐照剂量增大其细胞壁则变薄 ,而且细胞出现轻度质壁分离。经高剂量辐射后 ,姬松茸菌丝生长速度减缓 ,菌丝生长呈稀弱状 ,但与对照相比 ,采用低剂量辐射则有利于促进菌丝生长和提前扭结 ,其子实体增产率达 34 8%。     

种植模式对苜蓿固氮和固氮产物转移的影响

田间小区试验研究了不同种植模式下苜蓿的共生固氮贡献,并利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术评估了苜蓿的％Ndfa和Ndfa,以及与之混作生长的牛尾草植株中来自苜蓿固氮产物的转移量。研究表明,豆科与禾本科牧草混作对发挥草地的优势有一定影响,混作条播在干草产量、全氮产量、％Ndfa和Ndfa等方面均优于间作与混作撒播模式,且高于单作苜蓿与牛尾草的平均值。用~(15)N同位素稀释法与~(15)N天然丰度法评估苜蓿的％Ndfa与Ndfa值时,无明显差异(P<0.05),前者还能准确测出混种牛尾革植株中的固氮产物转移量,后者则大大低估,甚至不能测出固氮产物转移。