矿区土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展

矿区水土流失是一种典型的人为加速侵蚀,存在着明显不同于原地貌的侵蚀特征:井工开采引起的地表塌陷,使地表变形、坡度加大、侵蚀加重,对地下水质也造成污染;露天开采排出的大量松散堆积物,由于地表严重压实和非均匀沉降,促使径流大量汇集,引起崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害,同时增加了入河泥沙量,造成河道淤积、行洪困难.本文论述了采矿塌陷地、煤矸石山、排土场的水土流失特征,采矿对新增入河泥沙的影响,探讨了国内外矿区水土流失的防治所采用的工程措施和生物措施、动态监测水土流失的模型,以及今后尚需研究的内容.     

Mineralization of dissolved organic carbon in mineral soil solution of two forest soils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes an important carbon input flux to forested mineral soils. Seepage from mineral subsoils contains only small amounts of DOC because of mineralization, sorption or the formation of particulate organic matter (POM). However, the relation between these processes is largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the mineralization of DOC from different depths of forest soils, and to determine degradation rate constants for rapidly and slowly degradable DOC pools. Mineralization of DOC and formation of POM in mineral soil solution from two forested sites in northern Bavaria (Germany) were quantified in a 97 days laboratory incubation experiment. Furthermore, spectroscopic properties such as specific UV absorption and a humification index derived from fluorescence emission spectrometry were measured before and after incubation. DOC in all samples turned out to belong mainly to the stable DOC pool (> 95 %) with half‐lives ranging from years to decades. Spectroscopic properties were not suitable to predict the mineralization of DOC from mineral soils. However, together with data on DOC from the forest floor and long‐term data on DOC concentrations in the field they helped to identify the processes involved in C sequestration in mineral subsoils. Mineralization, formation of POM, and probably sorption seem all to be responsible for maintaining low concentrations of DOC in the upper mineral soil. DOC below the upper mineral soil is highly resistant to mineralization, and thus the further decrease of DOC concentrations in the subsoil as observed under field conditions cannot be attributed to mineralization. Our results suggest that sorption and to some minor extent the formation of POM may be responsible for C sequestration in the subsoil.     

温室作物营养液深液流无限生长型栽培技术研究

通过对番茄R144、R139及网纹甜瓜C-8温室作物营养液深液流无限生长型特种栽培试验,初步掌握了无限生长型温室作物特种栽培的温湿度调控指标及技术、营养液调控指标及技术、作物生长过程及株形控制模式。供试验的R144番茄单株采摘成熟果累计13550个以上;C-8网纹甜瓜单株结果36个。试验结果表明,在可控环境下能最大限度地将某些蔬果作物的遗传潜力变为优质、高产的现实产品。实验获得的一些具体结果,对于实际温室作物生产有指导意义     

胜利矿区土壤养分空间变异特征与影响因素

研究矿区土壤养分空间变异特征对矿区土地复垦与生态保护具有重要意义。选取胜利矿区土壤作为研究对象，基于地统计学和GIS技术分析土壤养分的空间变异性，并探讨地形因子和土地利用类型对其影响。结果表明：研究区土壤pH、有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾平均含量分别为8.073、21.588g/kg、82.914mg/kg、8.210 mg/kg、257.341 mg/kg。除pH属于弱变异外，其他养分均属于中等强度变异。各项养分指标均具有一定的趋势效应。pH的最适模型是球面模型，有机质、速效钾的最适模型是线性有基台模型，速效氮、速效磷的最佳拟合模型是指数模型。pH、有机质、速效氮表现为中等空间相关性；速效磷、速效钾呈弱空间自相关。pH值由中部向四周逐渐降低；有机质、速效氮高值区集中在西部高程较大的位置，低值区分布在受人类扰动较强的中东部；速效磷、速效钾没有呈现一定的分布规律。坡度、坡向、高程、地形湿度指数是造成土壤养分格局差异的主要地形因子；从土地利用方式看，采矿扰动是养分含量较低的重要原因，矿业用地养分含量显著低于耕地和草地。     

缓释化肥再认识

本文针对缓释肥的概念、研究对象、生产成本和对生态环境的影响等方面作了论述。文章强调,在室内纯水中获得的缓释肥特性测定值与将其施入田间土壤后的实际缓释值将有很大偏差;缓释肥单位养分的成本、售价将比普通肥显著提高;缓释肥在生产、运输过程中的能耗,特别是随产品带入土壤的过量硫、聚烯烃和甲醛等有害物质,将对生态环境产生不可低估的负面影响。论文提供了评价缓释肥农化性质的若干建议:如用土壤真溶液替代纯水去测定缓释肥的溶解特性;开展缓释肥的15N同位素标记研究以及规范田间与小区肥效试验等。     

Soil solution and extractable soil nitrogen response to climate change in two boreal forest ecosystems

Several studies show that increases in soil temperature result in higher N mineralization rates in soils. It is, however, unclear if additional N is taken up by the vegetation or accumulates in the soil. To address this question two small, forested catchments in southern Norway were experimentally manipulated by increasing air temperature (+3°C in summer to +5°C in winter) and CO₂ concentrations (+200 ppmv) in one catchment (CO₂T-T) and soil temperature (+3°C in summer to +5°C in winter) using heating cables in a second catchment (T-T). During the first treatment year, the climate treatments caused significant increases in soil extractable NH₄ under Vaccinium in CO₂T-T. In the second treatment year extractable NH₄ in CO₂T-T and NO₃ in T-T significantly increased. Soil solution NH₄ concentrations did not follow patterns in extractable NH₄ but changes in soil NO₃ pools were reflected by changes in dissolved NO₃. The anomalous behavior of soil solution NH₄ compared to NO₃ was most likely due to the higher NH₄ adsorption capacity of the soil. The data from this study showed that after 2 years of treatment soil inorganic N pools increased indicating that increases in mineralization, as observed in previous studies, exceeded plant demand and leaching losses.     

青海江仓圣雄煤矿矸石堆积对周边高寒湿地植被和土壤影响

针对高寒地区露天煤矿开采产生的煤矸石堆积对多年冻土区高寒湿地的影响问题,本文通过地面调查、取样比较,研究分析了矿区周边高寒湿地植被和土壤特征对煤矸石渣山堆积的响应。结果表明,矿区煤矸石堆积的4年时间已经对周边近、中、远不同距离(300m,650m,1000m)高寒湿地植被和土壤产生了一定程度的影响,引起原生莎草类盖度和高度减小,靠近煤矸石渣山区域的牧草高度降低,中距离杂草平均高度比近距离高2.65cm。矸石堆积造成周围土壤容重增加,全氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,远距离0-10 cm土层全氮和有机质平均含量分别是近距离的1.16和1.20倍。高寒湿地土壤真菌和放线菌数量减少, 0-10cm土层近距离样区真菌数量仅为中距离的51.8 %,中距离样区放线菌数量分别是近距离和远距离的4.32和3.4倍。除锌元素和镉元素以外,煤矸石堆积没有显著影响土壤砷、铬、镍、铜、汞、铅等6种重金属元素含量。随机森林算法分析表明,杂草类高度,Zn元素含量,土壤容重、莎草盖度、有机质含量是煤矸石堆积对周围高寒湿地影响的主要因子。     

锰尾渣改良对4种植物吸收锰的影响

采用盆栽法研究锰尾渣改良对商陆（Phytolacca acinosa）、美洲商陆（Phytolacca americana）、繁穗苋（Amaranthus paniculatus）和酸模叶蓼（Polygonum lapathif olium）4种植物吸收锰的影响。将锰尾渣与土壤混合进行基质改良,有利于植物生长。基质含80%锰尾渣时,商陆、美洲商陆和繁穗苋3种植物生长正常,吸收锰多。商陆和美洲商陆2种植物对锰尾渣耐受性强,生物量大,植物提取锰多;繁穗苋对锰尾渣耐受性较强。在锰尾渣污染区进行植物修复时,商陆和美洲商陆可作为首选植物,繁穗苋可作为辅助共生植物,采用锰尾渣含量为80%的基质改良方式最佳。     

无土栽培营养液循环控制系统

该文介绍了营养液循环控制系统的设计和构成，营养液检测控制过程。采用最小二乘拟合的方法建立离子选择电极的测量模型，从而实现温室无土栽培中营养液的在线检测。采用动态矩阵控制算法控制离子浓度，在一定程度上克服了某些不确定干扰的影响，并解决了超调的问题。     

南方高岭土采矿废弃地生态恢复试验研究

通过对高岭土矿废弃地土壤理化性质测定,选择了马尾松、胡枝子和香根草3种植物作生物复垦的先锋植物,并采取不同试验处理。结果表明,马尾松、胡枝子和香根草乔灌草相结合的群落配置,结合废弃地熟土回填的处理,有利于植物较快生长,能较快地达到培土熟化效果,恢复受损的生态环境。