Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

镉污染下不同类型水稻土氮素供应特征及其影响因素

污染条件下的土壤氮素供应影响了作物生产和植物生态修复。采用温室盆栽试验,研究了两种剂量镉污染下我国21种水稻土无机氮的供应特征和影响因素。结果表明：淹水10天后,不同水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮含量变幅为1.42 ~ 70.40 mg/L （(平均值为16.76 mg/L）),其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占62.5% 和33.7%;与施肥对照相比,镉污染降低了大多数水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮的含量,平均降幅为58.4%,主要是由土壤溶液NH4+-N含量下降所致;土壤溶液NO3--N含量受镉污染的影响程度则因土壤类型而异。基于典范对应分析的偏因子分析（(VPA）)表明镉污染对水稻土土壤溶液无机氮含量的影响最大,其次是土壤类型,施肥影响最小,三类因子单独作用的影响比例分别为40.38%、6.51% 和0.05%。镉污染下,pH、CEC和土壤质地显著影响水稻土无机氮供应,其中土壤pH是镉污染条件下影响NH4+-N含量变化的首要因子。     

土壤溶液浓度的野外测定方法研究

为寻求一种野外快速有效测定土壤溶液浓度的方法,于新疆自治区南疆地区开展了田间试验。利用负压计监测土壤水分,在土壤达到饱和时,在相同深度分别借助土钻和土壤水提取器同时取土样和土壤水样,利用电导率仪测定土壤电导率(EC1:5)和饱和土壤电导率(ECe),使用火焰光度计和滴定法测定土壤水溶液浓度(C),并利用SPSS17.0软件对实测数据进行线性回归分析及检验。结果表明,南疆砂壤土条件下,EC1:5值在0~10000μS/cm范围内,EC1:5与土壤总盐含量呈显著线性关系土壤ECe可用土壤EC1:5进行推算,二者关系系数可以根据饱和重量含水量确定在土壤达到饱和,EC1:5在0~3000μS/cm时,土壤溶液浓度与EC1:5呈显著线性关系。因此,通过野外测得土壤样品的EC1:5,并确定其适用条件后,根据相关关系可直接计算得到ECe和C。     

基于野外大田试验的接菌紫穗槐生态修复效应研究

[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。     

基于传统土壤图的土壤—环境关系获取及推理制图研究

在数字土壤制图研究中,从历史资料中提取准确的、详细的土壤—环境关系对于土壤图的更新和修正十分重要。从传统土壤图中提取土壤类型并从地形数据中提取环境参数,采用空间数据挖掘方法建立土壤—环境关系,并进行推理制图和精度验证。以湖北省黄冈市红安县华家河镇滠水河流域为例,首先选取成土母质和基于地形数据提取的高程、坡度、坡向等7个环境因子;然后利用频率分布原理得到包含土壤类型与环境因子信息的典型样本数据1 410个;采用See5.0决策树方法进行空间数据挖掘,建立土壤—环境关系;将其导入So LIM中进行推理制图;最后利用270个实地采样点验证所得土壤图的精度。土壤图的精度提高了约11%,证明了本研究方法对土壤类型和空间分布推理的可靠性。     

应用物元分析法评价矿区周边土壤重金属污染的变化

为分析煤矿开采对土壤重金属污染水平的影响,尝试利用物元分析和主成分分析(PCA)方法对宿州市矿区周边土壤重金属污染水平进行评价。结果表明:(1)煤矿开采、堆放对土壤重金属污染具有重要影响,与非矿区背景值相比,Cr含量达到非矿区土壤背景值的2~4.17倍,Cd含量达到非矿区土壤背景值的1~3.05倍,Pb和Cu含量达到非矿区土壤背景值的2倍左右,As的含量略高于非矿区土壤背景值。(2)综合关联度结果显示,土壤重金属污染在100 m处未达到轻度污染的标准要求,但具备向轻度污染转化的条件;200 m和400 m处分别达到轻度污染和清洁等级要求,但隶属该等级的程度不强,且随着距离增大土壤重金属含量和污染程度均在下降。(3)物元模型能够揭示每个土壤重金属元素的分异信息和综合评价的中间信息,适用于土壤重金属污染水平评价。     

油菜秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响

采用模拟培养的方法,通过测定土壤表层培养液的电导率、pH、不同形态氮、全磷、全钾等指标,研究了油菜秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响。结果表明,各处理土壤表层溶液电导率在培养初期呈上升趋势,第8d达到最大,随后呈下降的趋势。pH值在培养的前3d呈缓慢下降的趋势;从第4d开始迅速升高;16d后达到相对稳定的状态,随后变化不大。在培养初期全氮浓度迅速增加,第8d达到最大,随后迅速下降;到第44d,下降趋势开始减缓,不同处理之间相差不大。铵态氮的变化趋势与全氮的变化趋势一致。各处理间硝态氮含量较低,差别不显著。施加秸秆能够增加水溶液中有机氮浓度。全磷在培养初期变化较小,第12d开始迅速升高,第20d达到最高,随后呈下降趋势。施加秸秆后对田面水溶液全钾浓度的影响主要发生在培养后第1d,整个培养期内变幅不大。施加秸秆能够增加培养液中养分含量,与秸秆用量成正比。从养分流失角度考虑,控制氮素、磷素和钾素田面流失主要时期为秸秆还田后30d内。     

采煤沉陷区包气带土壤水力参数测定及特征分析

为研究矿山采煤沉陷中的裂隙对包气带土壤水力参数影响,通过对淮南潘一煤矿沉陷区包气带土壤颗粒组成、水分特征曲线(SWCCs)和非饱和导水率曲线(UHCCs)测试分析,并与非沉陷区进行对比分析讨论。结果表明:处于稳沉阶段的沉陷区,其裂隙对包气带土壤水力参数产生影响表现为沉陷作用降低了包气带SWCCs斜率,且地表深部隐伏裂隙减小了SWCCs中的进气值,导致沉陷区包气带土壤释水能力增大;UHCCs测定分析表明,在相同基质势作用下,沉陷区土壤UHCCs明显低于对照组,由于沉陷产生的裂隙中的水最先被排空,形成不导水的空隙,导致非饱和导水率下降。研究结果为沉陷区水分运移试验研究提供一定理论与指导。     

蒙脱土改性尿素醛肥料的制备及性能研究

[目的]研制氮缓释性能优异且制备工艺简单的缓控释肥料.[方法]采用溶液聚合法将具有纳米层状结构的蒙脱土(MMT)穿插在含有营养元素的聚合物缓释肥料尿素醛(UF)中,制备得到一种具有插层结构的新型生物降解高分子缓控释肥料.采用FTIR、XRD对制备肥料的结构进行表征,通过SEM观察肥料的表面形貌,研究原料配比对肥料加工性...