关键环境因子对桃小食心虫出土羽化动态的影响

为明确有效积温、土壤含水量对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura出土羽化的影响,在室内控制土壤温、湿度的条件下测定了越冬代和第1代各生命阶段的有效积温,于2010—2015年在山西省临县枣园对越冬幼虫和成虫动态进行调查,并对田间土壤温度和含水量进行系统监测。结果表明:桃小食心虫室内越冬幼虫出土积温为258.2日度;而受5月份首次有效降雨日的影响,田间出土积温存在384.2~764.6日度的年度变化。土壤含水量对越冬幼虫出土模式及出土率有显著影响。持续干旱或土壤高湿均可导致双峰现象,土壤高湿的频繁出现还可显著降低幼虫出土率。通过6年田间监测数据的分析表明,越冬幼虫首现日与有效降雨日无显著相关性,而首现日有效积温(y)与降雨日有效积温(x)呈极显著正相关,回归方程为y=0.7758x+188.16(r=0.997,P0.001)。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测棉花和土壤中呋虫胺残留

在QuEChERS方法基础上,建立了棉花和土壤中呋虫胺残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测分析方法。方法选用乙腈为提取剂,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化炭黑(GCB)为净化剂,外标法定量。添加回收试验结果表明,不同添加浓度的呋虫胺(0.01、0.05和0.5mg/kg)在棉花植株、棉籽和土壤中的平均回收率为80.9%~107.5%,变异系数为3.3%~10.3%,定量限(LOQ)分别为4.81、3.41和2.26μg/kg。呋虫胺在棉花植株上的消解动态表明,呋虫胺在河南省和山东省两地棉花植株中的降解半衰期分别为1.9d和1.2d。     

夏闲期种植不同绿肥作物对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探明种植绿肥作物对关中土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响效果,在夏闲期种植光叶苕子（Vicia villosa Rothvar）、毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）和草木樨（Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.）等四种绿肥作物,以免耕休闲为对照,分析了冬小麦主要生育时期的土壤速效养分动态变化及其产量效应。结果表明,夏闲期种植绿肥的土壤速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮都有不同程度的提高,增加量主要受绿肥的养分含量以及生物量影响。与对照相比,种植并翻压光叶苕子、毛叶苕子、紫云英和草木樨,均可显著提高冬小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,冬小麦依次增产21.1%（P＜0.05）、24.3%（P＜0.05）、6.0%和11.6%。     

黄土高原退耕还林措施对深层土壤含水率的影响

深层土壤水分分布状况对于黄土高原植被恢复和农业可持续发展意义重大。对陕北黄土区不同退耕还林措施(1979年种植的侧柏林、油松林和苹果林)及农地(对照)20 m深土壤剖面的土壤水分、根系分布状况及土壤粘粒含量进行了取样分析。结果表明:退耕还林措施显著降低了土壤含水率,总体表现为农地(11.30%)苹果林(6.66%)≈油松林(6.48%)≈侧柏林(5.92%)。深层土壤含水率同时受植物根系和土壤质地的影响,植物根系是影响4~10 m土壤含水率的主要因素,根系通过吸水作用降低了土壤含水率,但随着深度的增加,根系对土壤含水率的影响逐渐减弱,土壤质地对土壤含水率的影响逐渐增强,土壤含水率与土壤粘粒含量之间呈正相关关系。侧柏人工林根系影响土壤水分深度可达18 m,油松林的影响深度为16 m,35 a树龄的苹果林耗水深度为19 m左右。     

不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响

以大田玉米为研究对象,在少耕地膜覆盖和不同灌水水平下,研究了一膜两年用地膜覆盖、秋免耕春覆膜和传统耕作覆膜对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作覆膜和秋免耕春覆膜两种新膜覆盖处理相比,一膜两年用处理在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效果显著低于新膜覆盖,农田0~25 cm土壤平均温度较传统覆膜处理低13.35%,而对玉米拔节期到成熟期的土壤温度无明显影响,且农田0~25 cm土层土壤积温差异也不显著,相同覆膜方式下不同灌水水平间有显著差异,随着灌水水平的降低土壤积温增加;一膜两年用地膜覆盖方式下玉米籽粒产量和WUE与两种新膜覆盖方式相当,中灌水水平下WUE最高,达到17.89kg·mm-1,且在低灌水水平下获得籽粒产量显著高于传统覆膜处理,一膜两年用覆盖、灌溉定额5 700 m3·hm-2较传统耕作覆膜、灌水定额5 700 m3hm-2处理的玉米产量高出16.39%。说明,一膜两年用地膜覆盖在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效应低于新膜覆盖,但并不影响籽粒产量的形成,且在存在水分胁迫的低灌水水平下一膜两年用覆盖模式可减缓干旱胁迫,提高作物籽粒产量,是适于西北绿洲灌区的具有较好经济效益和生态效益的覆膜农田管理新技术。     

半干旱农牧交错区土壤养分空间变异特征分析——以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗为例

本文以伊金霍洛旗为研究区,通过GIS平台对土壤养分中的有机质、全氮、速效钾的空间插值方法进行了比较并得到了最优插值图。然后分析了该旗土壤养分的空间分布规律,为该地区的农业生产布局和生态环境建设提供了依据。通过比较后认为,在该地区有机质的空间插值用反距离权重法为好,而全氮和速效钾的空间插值以克吕格法的指数模型和高斯模型为好。地统计学分析结果表明:有机质、全氮和速效钾的变程分别为11853m,8932.2m和732.99m,全氮和速效钾具有中等空间相关性,而有机质空间相关性较弱。有机质含量普遍偏低,在91%的面积中有机质含量低于10g/kg,其相对高值区呈离散分布,可能与隐域植被的分布有关。全氮含量与有机质含量分布相似,在70%的面积中低于0.75g/kg,而速效钾含量中等,介于102.04-103.31mg/kg之间。在三个不同的景观亚区中,乌审凹地亚区的土壤养分状况较好,黄土丘陵亚区养分状况最差,毛乌素沙地亚区介于它们之间。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素

水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。     

Development of specific PCR primers for identification and detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora capsici</Emphasis> Leon

A PCR-based method was developed for the identification and detection of Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants. Three PCR primers (CAPFW, CAPRV1 and CAPRV2) specific for P. capsiciwere designed based on the sequence of its internal transcribed spacer regions. CAPFW/CAPRV1 amplify a 452 bp product from P. capsici DNA whereas CAPFW/CAPRV2 a 595 bp fragment; neither set amplifies DNA from pepper or several fungi pathogenic to pepper. In conventional (single-round) PCR, the limit of detection was 5 pg DNA for both primer sets, whereas in nested PCR the detection limit for both was of 0.5 fg. However, when the dilution series of target DNA were spiked with plant DNA, amplification declined two-fold in both conventional and nested PCR. The CAPFW/CAPRV2 set in conventional PCR was used to detect P. capsici DNA in inoculated plants. Detection occurred as soon as 8h post-inoculation in stem samples from infected but still symptomless plants. The method was also tested to detect fungal DNA in infected soils.     

基于DNDC模型模拟的冬小麦田土壤有机碳和作物产量对地表覆盖的响应

依托前期长期定位试验,基于DNDC过程模型,对秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下冬小麦田土壤有机碳和小麦产量的长期变化规律进行了模拟研究.结果表明,DNDC模拟的有机碳含量和冬小麦产量变化与田间观测结果较一致,能较理想地模拟两种覆盖措施对土壤有机碳和作物产量的长期影响.模拟结果显示,在50 a时间尺度上,不覆盖与地膜覆盖处理下0～5...     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.