祁连山黑河上游不同退化草地有机碳和酶活性分布特征

为揭示草地退化过程中土壤有机碳和酶活性的分布特征及相关性,在祁连山黑河上游俄博岭区域的高山灌丛草甸土上,根据草地退化程度,划分了未退化草地、轻度退化草地、中度退化草地、重度退化草地,采用野外采样室内分析方法,研究了不同退化草地土壤有机碳和酶活性的分布特征。结果表明：4种退化草地0～60 cm土层有机碳的含量、密度、储量,以及土壤酶活性变化顺序为：未退化草地>轻度退化草地>中度退化草地>重度退化草地;4种退化草地（从轻到重）0～10 cm土层有机碳密度是50～60 cm土层有机碳密度的1.78倍、1.98倍、1.87倍和2.00倍,说明土壤有机碳密度在表层具有很强的表聚性;4种退化草地不同土层有机碳的含量、密度和储量,以及土壤酶活性均随着土壤剖面垂直深度的增加而递减;4种退化草地土壤有机碳含量与有机碳密度、土壤酶活性成显著正相关关系。     

改善奶牛氮磷利用效率的营养策略

氮磷在奶牛生长、发育和生产过程中发挥着重要作用,但在实际生产中,饲粮氮磷含量往往过高,而奶牛对于氮磷的利用效率普遍偏低,这不仅会造成饲料资源的浪费,而且加重了氮磷的排放,导致严重的环境污染.合理减少饲粮氮磷含量、提高奶牛机体对氮磷的利用效率具有重要的现实意义.因此,本文主要从影响氮磷利用效率的因素,以及改善奶牛氮磷利用效率的营养策略2个方面进行了综述,以期为提高奶牛氮磷利用效率,减少氮磷向环境的排放,提高奶牛场经济和生态效益提供理论依据.     

连作障碍发生机制研究进展

目的研究不同前作对土壤生物化学性质的影响。方法利用化学和酶学分析及16S多样性测序技术,分析种植7年的不同前作[荞麦(FB)、油菜(FR)、小麦(FW)和绿肥(FG)]烟田土壤的养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构组成。结果(1) FR烟田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为30.04 g/kg、1.62 g/kg、143.50 mg/kg和88.09 mg/kg,FG烟田次之,但FG烟田速效钾的含量最高(240.10 mg/kg);FG烟田土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性最高,分别为709.02 μg/(g·d)(酪氨酸)和306.60 μg/(g·h)(对硝基酚),而其脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性仅低于FW烟田,且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)在细菌群落组成上,FB、FG、FW和FR烟田分别检测出770、670、654和597属,归属于Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等36门,其中Actionbacteria和Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,分别为26.87%~45.21%和25.82%~30.69%,Treptomyces、Bradyrhizobium、Bacillus和Mycobacterium等拮抗菌和Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium和Paenibacillus等固氮菌在FB烟田土壤细菌群落的相对丰度最高。结论不同前作对烟田土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响不同,绿肥提高了土壤有机质和养分含量以及酶活性;而荞麦改善和提高了烟田土壤细菌种群结构和多样性。     

玉米根系分泌物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制活性及其抑菌物质分析

目的明确玉米、辣椒单作和间作种植后根围土壤细菌群落的变化与病害发生的关系,解析土壤微生物在玉米和辣椒多样性种植中控制病害的作用。方法比较玉米/辣椒间作和分别单作后根围土壤微生物对玉米小斑病和辣椒疫病发生的影响,并应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术比较不同处理根围细菌群落的差异。结果单作玉米的根围土壤微生物能显著抑制辣椒疫病的发生(P<0.05),辣椒单作、玉米/辣椒间作后玉米根围土壤微生物降低玉米小斑病的趋势明显。根围土壤细菌群落分析结果表明：单作玉米根围气单胞菌属、堆囊菌属和固氮螺菌属等的相对丰度显著高于间作玉米和单作辣椒根围(P<0.05);单作辣椒和间作玉米根围土壤中拟杆菌门相对丰度上调,并且其中的拟杆菌属、农研丝杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和Muribaculum的相对丰度也显著上调(P<0.05)。结论玉米/辣椒间作和间作后有利于帮助彼此降低病害的发生。单作或间作后导致土壤细菌群落的变化是其缓解病害发生的重要机制。     

真菌中药——乌灵参

目的对分离于西藏黑耳中的上升炭角菌进行生物学特性研究。方法对野外采集的黑耳进行组织分离获得菌种,对得到的菌种进行形态和分子生物学鉴定,并进行生物学平板特性培养和木屑菌包驯化栽培。结果鉴定结果显示：所获得的菌株为珍稀药用菌上升炭角菌(Xylaria hypoxylon),其菌丝最适生长因子为果糖、酵母浸膏、pH 6.0和23 ℃。驯化栽培显示：上升炭角菌可在多数阔叶树木屑中生长,菌包A菌丝生长速率为0.87 cm/d,明显高于菌包B。菌包A和菌包B长满菌丝分别需要15和25 d,菌包长满菌丝15~20 d后菌丝体由白变黑,菌包变黑25~35 d后开始出现原基,原基出现10 d后可采收第一潮子实体。结论本研究首次纯人工不覆土驯化栽培出分离于黑耳中的上升炭角菌,并初步探明了其生物学特性,为进一步研究、开发和利用该菌奠定了基础。     

日本落叶松种子园结实母株种实性状对氮磷钾配比施肥的响应

为提高日本落叶松种子园肥料利用率,有效改善种实性状,提高种子产量和品质;在甘肃省沙坝落叶松/云杉国家良种基地,以30年左右正常开花结实的日本落叶松嫁接无性系分株为研究对象,采用随机试验设计,设置了N₁P₁K₁、N₁P₂K₁、N₁P₁K₂施肥配比水平,以不施肥（N₀P₀K₀）作为对照,研究N、P、K不同配比水平施肥对种实性状的影响。数据采用SPSS 16.0进行方差分析和多重比较,结果表明：N、P、K不同配比水平施肥对日本落叶松结实母株种实性状的影响具有显著差异（P<0.05）,不同配比施肥均能促进球果和种子性状的有效改善,N₁P₂K₁、N₁P₁K₁、N₁P₁K₂配比水平施肥千粒质量分别比对照提高了38.1%、32.1%和30.0%;尤其以N₁P₂K₁的效果最为显著,球果鲜质量和单个球果平均生产种子质量是对照（N₀P₀K₀）的2.08倍和2.26倍,也是N₁P₁K₂施肥配比水平的1.53倍,高出N₁P₁K₁施肥配比水平的9.4%和30.0%。30年左右日本落叶松种子园能有效改善种实性状,提高种子产量和品质的N、P、K施肥配比水平为N₁P₂K₁。     

Evaluation of cultivation methods and sustainable agricultural practices for improving shallot bulb production – a review

Abstract

Shallot is an economically important nutritive bulb vegetable and medicinal plant from Alliaceae family. Distributed in limited regions worldwide, in most cases, shallots widely grow in very cold to moderate cold temperate climates at high elevations required to induce bolting and overcome their bulbs and true seeds dormant period. Shallot responses to agricultural management and environmental conditions vary among different species and genotypes and, thus, selection of the elite genotypes is a prerequisite for obtaining desired yield and quality of bulbs and true seeds. Plant material (seed or bulb), plant selection, as well as cultivation and agricultural practices (importantly fertilization, spacing, planting date, and irrigation in greenhouse or farmland) critically affect productivity, phytonutrient value, and economic profit of the shallot produces. The knowledge of using biofertilizers and mulching techniques on shallots are currently evolving, but the information on the efficiency of nanobiofertilizers and eco-friendly and biodegradable mulching materials on shallots farming are still lacking. With the emphasis on sustainable agricultural systems, the efficiency of combined organic and inorganic fertilization is discussed and the potential biofertilizer agents are recommended. This review highlights the importance of using the integrated fertilization (organic and inorganic methods combined with biofertilizers) and irrigation methods (such as two-line spray hose irrigation combined with mulching), and the practices with the highest potential to further improve shallot farming are suggested. The information on shallots breeding is still lacking and requires extensive researches in the future.     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮素减排的影响研究

试验旨在研究饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮排泄量的影响,采用单因子完全随机设计,将144头平均体重30 kg左右的杜长大三元杂种生长母猪分成3组,每组设6个重复,每个重复8头猪,对照组饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为18.10%的普通饲粮,试验1组、试验2组分别饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为16.08%和14.12%的氨基酸平衡饲粮。试验期37 d,前7 d为预试期,正试期30 d。结果显示,3组日采食量、日增重、料重比指标均没有显著差异(P0.05),而日氮素总排泄量试验1组、试验2组分别比对照组减少18.69%、38.68%,3组之间差异均显著(P0.05),且试验1组、试验2组猪每增重1 kg所需要的饲料成本分别较对照组节省0.11和0.23元。综合考虑,生长猪饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮,可以作为实现养殖效益与环保双赢的主要技术措施予以推广。     

施肥对热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的影响

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation)研究了施肥后西双版纳热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤的氮素净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率。结果表明,种植砂仁的热带雨林土壤有机氮的净氨化、硝化和矿化速率明显受外来无机氮的影响,施入铵态氮肥后,土壤中的氨化速率明显提高(P<0.01),由对照土壤的-0.66(mg·kg-1·30d-1)增加至施肥处理土壤的1.65(mg·kg-1·30d-1),但硝化速率和矿化速率却显著降低(P<0.01),分别由对照土壤的6.79(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和6.13(mg·kg-1·30d-1)减少至施肥处理土壤的2.60(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和4.25(mg·kg-1·30d-1),导致了土壤中NH4+-N的积累。