畜禽饲粮配合新思路:多配方平行设计

多配方平行设计是另一类畜禽饲粮配合方法,本研究旨在将这种方法应用于动物饲料配方。采用不同组合的多配方平行设计同时配合了生长猪7个不同阶段猪群的饲粮,比较与分析饲粮单位价格、原料用量和养分含量。通过这种设计方法产生的49个生长猪饲粮配方的能量、钙、磷、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总氮和矿物质的养分含量,都达到或超过美国国家研究委员会(2012)提出的猪营养需要的推荐量,也满足最低成本的要求。实例表明,多配方平行设计能同时配合多个畜禽饲粮,并能在一个大的范围内选到更好的配方,应用于动物饲料配方设计具有实际可行性。     

Comparison of Metabolic Energy Content of Organic Cereal Grains for Chickens and Turkeys

Although there is an extensive database on the nutrient content of conventionally produced feedstuffs, there is very little published research on the nutrient content of feedstuffs that are organically grown. Industrial and organic crop production differ in both crop and soil management. There are data to suggest that these differences may result in differences in the nutrient content of organic grown feedstuffs. The purpose of this study was to determine the ME content of organically grown amaranth, buckwheat, white corn, yellow corn, and wheat samples obtained from the University of Minnesota's organic research farm. Both chickens and turkeys were used in the assays to compare the ME content for these 2 species. The TME_n content, on an as-fed basis, of amaranth, buckwheat, yellow corn, white corn, and wheat for chickens were found to be 3,146, 3,072, 3,603, 3,324, and 3,592 kcal/kg, respectively. The TME_n content of the same samples, on an as-fed basis, determined with turkeys were found to be 2,748, 2,227, 2,810, 2,757, and 2,959 kcal/kg, respectively. True ME content of the organically grown feed ingredients was found to be greater when chickens were used in the bioassay as compared with turkeys and differed significantly from published values for the same cereals grown using conventional means.     

4种结缕草光合特性及叶绿素含量的比较研究

以结缕草属4个不同种为试验材料,采用叶绿素测定仪以及光合测定仪,测定4种结缕草光合特征参数以及叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)4种结缕草叶绿素含量由大到小依次为:日本结缕草,中华结缕草,沟叶结缕草,细叶结缕草;(2)日本结缕草和沟叶结缕草的光补偿点(LCP)为40μmol/(m2.s),接近于自然光照条件下阳性植物的光补偿点30μmol/(m2.s);(3)中华结缕草和细叶结缕草的LCP较高,为80μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点(LSP)都平均为1200μmol/(m2.s);(4)4种结缕草的表观量子效率(AQY)与自然光照条件下植物的AQY(0.03~0.06 mol/mol)一致,但是中华结缕草却显著高于其他3种,因此,可初步推断结缕草为阳性、且耐荫性较强的草坪草,并且中华结缕草以其优异的表现成为亚热带地区草坪草建坪中的最佳草种。     

Are complex carcinoma of the feline mammary gland and other invasive mammary carcinoma identical tumours? Comparison of clinicopathologic features,DNA ploidy and follow up

Feline mammary carcinomas are known for their unfavourable prognosis due to a strong tendency to local recurrence and metastasis. We studied 73 spontaneous primary mammary carcinomas and identified eight cases presenting a biphasic nature, with neoplastic epithelial and myoepithelial cells (complex carcinoma). These cases presented histopathologic features associated with a better prognosis; they were also associated with higher overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared to other common invasive mammary carcinomas of non-specified type. Complex carcinoma appears to be a low-grade malignancy.     

The Effect of Levothyroxine Treatment on Resting Energy Expenditure of Hypothyroid Dogs

Thirty adult, client-owned dogs were diagnosed with hypothyroidism based on history, physical examination findings, hematologic and biochemical abnormalities, thyrotropin (TSH) response testing, endogenous canine thyrotropin (cTSH) concentration, or both, and total serum thryoxine concentration. All dogs received levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) at an initial dose of 22 μg/kg PO sid in either a tablet (13 dogs) or chewable form (17 dogs). Energy expenditure of each dog during apparent rest was estimated with an open-flow indirect calorimetry system by determining the rates of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption. Energy expenditure of apparent rest (EE) was lower in untreated hypothyroid dogs compared with reference values for EE. After treatment with L-thyroxine, EE of the hypothyroid dogs was significantly ( P < .05) higher than pretreatment values.     

不同植被覆盖盐碱地碱化特征及养分状况

为进行区域耕地保护和质量提升,增加耕地数量,合理开发利用长期处于荒废状态的盐碱地势在必行。本研究采用常规经典的测试方法,对西辽河流域8种植被覆盖盐碱地土壤0-5、5-15、15-30和30-50cm剖面层的土壤有机质、速效养分、碱化特征及离子组成进行了分析。结果表明,不同植被覆盖盐碱地养分含量均不同,玉米(Zea mays)地、羊草(Leymus chinensis)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)草地的有机质、速效养分含量较高;虎尾草(Chloris virgata)草地、裸地、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)地的养分含量相近且极显著低于玉米地和羊草+狗尾草草地的养分含量(P0.01)。各生态景观的碱化特征在4个剖面层间均差异极显著(P0.01),羊草+狗尾草的pH、碱化度(ESP)和含盐量在4个剖面层中均低于其它生态景观的;裸地、碱蓬地、芦苇地(Phragmites australis)和芦苇苔草(Carex dariuscula)草地在4个剖面层的pH、ESP和含盐量均较高;碱蓬地与裸地在0-5cm剖面层的Na~+、CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量较高,玉米地、羊草+狗尾草的CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-较低。各植被覆盖地间的离子组成基本呈极显著性差异(P0.01)。由于盐碱化土壤退化到一定程度会变成裸地,不利于改良利用,因此,本研究通过比较不同植被覆盖盐碱地4个剖面层的养分状况和碱化特征,认为羊草+狗尾草覆盖有利于盐碱化土壤的改良。     

盐碱胁迫下碱地肤体内的有机酸积累及其草酸代谢特点

本研究对碱地肤幼苗进行盐胁迫或碱胁迫动态处理,通过分析碱地肤的有机酸含量及草酸代谢相关酶活性等指标,以探讨碱地肤的有机酸积累及草酸代谢调控机制的特点。结果表明,随着碱胁迫时间的延长,碱地肤体内草酸等7种有机酸均有所积累,草酸为主的有机酸的大量积累可能与碱胁迫(高pH)密切相关,它们可能起到离子平衡和pH调节的双重作用。碱地肤积累的草酸并非主要来源于抗坏血酸分解途径。此外,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)参与催化的草酰乙酸裂解途径也不是草酸合成的主要途径。实验确定草酸合成的关键酶是乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)。草酸分解的草酸氧化酶(OxO)活性高低不是内源草酸积累量的关键因子。综上推断,碱地肤体内草酸的大量积累与其OxO分解无关,而是主要取决于其合成的GO关键酶。     

保水剂对江河源区退化草地土壤水分和植物生长发育的影响

通过不同浓度保水剂种子包衣和保水剂大田示范试验,结果表明:在江河源区退化草地恢复与重建中应用高吸水树脂(SAP保水剂),对提高土壤含水量和保墒具有良好的效果;它不仅能促进幼苗生长发育,而且对植物地上部分的分蘖枝和根系分枝有明显的促进作用;同时对提高牧草个体生物量和产草量有明显的效果.试验结果还表明,使用1%～1.5%浓度的种子包衣处理效果最佳.     

人工模拟高温环境下白三叶草相对生理指标测定

研究了高温胁迫条件下白三叶叶片相对含水量、膜透性、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量的变化规律。结果表明:25~35℃处理0.5 h后,白三叶的膜透性、脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,相对含水量、叶绿素含量逐渐下降,但幅度不大;45℃以上高温处理后,以上生理指标均有显著性大幅度的变化。与CK比较,温度每升高5℃,白三叶细胞质膜透性、脯氨酸含量平均增加50.62%、59.89%,而相对含水量、叶绿素含量分别下降34.22%、4.61%。在实验条件下,白三叶能适应35℃的高温,40~45℃为其忍耐高温的临界温度范围,50℃为致死温度上限。     

外源一氧化氮(NO)对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

探讨外源 NO 供体硝普钠(SNP)对冷害胁迫下南瓜生长和氧化损伤的内在机制。以南瓜银辉2号和青栗为材料,通过室内人工模拟低温逆境的方法,研究 SNP(100 μmol/L)对冷害胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、有机渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,冷害导致南瓜幼苗活性氧积累增加,膜质过氧化加剧,光合色素含量下降,渗透调节能力降低,从而显著抑制南瓜幼苗的生长;正常生长条件下, SNP显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,显著增加幼苗地上和地下部干重及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、类胡萝卜素和氨基酸总量;8 ℃/5 ℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫下,叶面喷施外源100 μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP),促进了植株生长和干物质积累,显著提高了叶片SOD、POD、APX 和GR的活性以及Pro和可溶性糖含量,减少了H₂O₂和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累;外源NO明显提高了南瓜叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、抗坏血酸(ASA)、GSH和可溶性蛋白及氨基酸总量。低温胁迫下,外源NO通过促进抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂及有机渗透调节物质含量的提高,降低H₂O₂和MDA的积累,保护了细胞膜结构的稳定性,维持了冷害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜的抗冷性。试验条件下,NO对银辉2号的促进作用大于青栗。