三峡库区消落带完整淹水后土壤重金属分布特征及其影响因素

通过野外采样和室内分析,对三峡库区小江流域消落带土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量特征进行了评价,并同时对其在消落带上的影响因素和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni在消落带上的含量分别为28.69,126.03,57.20,27.91mg/kg。相关分析表明,Ni、Cr、Cu的含量明显受土壤理化性质影响。其中,有机质、粗黏粒和黏粒均与Ni、Cr、Cu含量呈显著或极显著正相关,粉粒与Cr、Cu呈显著正相关,砂粒与Ni、Cr、Cu均呈显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,Cr、Ni主要受粗黏粒含量的影响;Cu主要受砂粒含量的影响。单因素方差分析表明,Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni在消落带不同区段的分布存在显著性差异,总体呈从上游到中下游逐渐增大,下游又有所下降的趋势,其在消落带不同高程上分布的差异性不显著。     

Soil nematode populations beneath faeces from reindeer treated with ivermectin

Abstract

The size and composition of the nematode assemblage in soil beneath faecal material derived from reindeer treated with ivermectin oral, or ivermectin subcutaneous formulations in early winter in northern Finland, was studied over a two-year period. This study was performed on both ungrazed and grazed areas that typify the reindeer habitat of the region and comparisons were also made with soil nematodes recovered from soils receiving untreated faecal material. Although significant differences in numbers of soil nematode fauna were observed between treatments on individual occasions, none of the differences occurred consistently with treatment, or with time. These results showed no adverse environmental impact of the faeces of reindeer given either formulation of ivermectin in early winter on soil nematode communities in subsequent years.     

集中水流冲刷条件下土石崩积混合物坡面产沙特征

通过室内人工放水冲刷试验,探究不同流量(2L/min,4L/min,8L/min,16L/min)和砾石含量(0%,20%,40%,60%)条件下,土石混合崩积物坡面产沙特征。结果表明:各条件下产沙过程均呈先增大后减小再趋于稳定的趋势。产沙量随着流量的增大而增大,而含沙量随流量的增大总体呈减小的趋势;在2L/min和4L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,存在临界砾石含量(20%~40%);在8L/min和16L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大而增大。产沙率与含沙量的关系表明,含石量对产沙的影响存在临界含石量(20%~40%)。砾石含量和流量可以用来很好地预测土石混合崩积物的产沙率,但对含沙量的预测效果较差。流量对产沙率及含沙量的影响均大于砾石含量。     

Nutrient Availability Response to Sulfur Amendment in Histosols having Variable Calcium Carbonates

High soil pH and excessive calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the Everglades Agricultural Area of south Florida reduce the availability of phosphorus and micronutrients to crops. Sulfur (S) amendment is recommended to reduce soil pH and enhance nutrient supply. The study’s objective was to determine the sulfur amendment effectiveness on soil pH and nutrient availability in organic soil as CaCO₃ content increases in soil. An experiment of four S rates (0, 90,224, and 448 kg ha^?1) and three added CaCO₃ (0%, 12.5%, and 50% by volume) in organic soil was established. Sulfur application had limited effects on soil pH reduction as CaCO₃ level increased and therefore failed to enhance nutrient availability; however, it increased sulfate concentration in soils, which could be at risk for export from the field. Unexpected increases in manganese concentration with added CaCO₃ was associated with reducing conditions due to increased soil bulk density, which changed the soil physical properties.     

基于二维光谱特征空间的土壤线自动提取算法

土壤线是在二维光谱空间中土壤纯像元光谱反射率按照大小排列而成的直线,它综合反映了具有不同水分条件的土壤含水状况,对于了解土壤和植被的理化性质和生态特征有着重要的意义。由于土壤线采用手工描绘效率低,因人而异,致使涉及土壤线的模型在业务化应用和推广中受到限制。为此,提出了一种土壤线自动提取算法,以及算法实现的流程和步骤,利用该算法可以基于遥感影像构建的二维光谱特征空间自动提取土壤线参数。通过时间序列和实际估算2种方法分析了算法的性能,发现在提取土壤线参数上具有较好的稳定性和精度,时间序列内提取土壤线斜率的平均偏差小于0.1,与实际估算的土壤线斜率偏差也很小。该算法已被应用于农田干旱监测模型PDI、MPDI和SPSI的土壤线自动提取运算中。结果表明,在保证模型精度的前提下,自动算法有效地提高了模型运算的效率,对农业干旱模型的业务化推广有实际的应用价值。     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil Amended with Roadside Pond Sediment and Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of addition of roadside pond sediments on heavy metal contents of flooded rice paddies was studied to investigate the yield of rice and uptake of heavy metal by rice straw and grain. Sequential extraction of heavy metals on sediments shows that the percentage contribution of metals in the labile fraction follows the order lead (Pb, 48%) > copper (Cu, 42%) > zinc (Zn, 31%) > cadmium (Cd, 16%) > chromium (Cr, 9%) > nickel (Ni, 6%). The risk assessment code (RAC) for pond sediment revealed that Cr and Ni were found in the low-risk zone, Zn and Cd in the medium-risk zone, and Cu and Pb in the high-risk zone. However, though the heavy metal concentration in rice grain does not exceed the range acceptable for human consumption, it still represents a significant additional source of heavy metals in the diet. The addition of pond sediment significantly increased the rice yield over control. Therefore, pond sediment would be a valuable resource for agriculture if it is properly used.     

Productivity,Nutrient Balance,Soil Quality,and Sustainability of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Organic and Conventional Production Systems

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (2004–2005 to 2009–2010) covering 10 crop seasons [five wet (WS; Kharif) and five dry (DS; Rabi)] at the Directorate of Rice Research farm, Hyderabad, India, to compare the influence of organic and conventional farming systems on productivity of fine grain rice varieties, cumulative partial nutrient balance, and soil health/quality in terms of nutrient availability, physical and biological properties, and sustainability index. Two main plot treatments were with and without plant protection measures, and four subplot treatments were (1) control (CON), (2) inorganic fertilizers (CF), (3) organics (OF), and (4) inorganics + organics (integrated nutrient management, INM). During wet season, grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha^?1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years, which improved with OF (4.8 to 5.4 t ha^?1) in the later years to comparable levels with CF and INM. However, during DS, CF and INM were superior to OF for 4 consecutive years and OF recorded yields on par with CF and INM in the fifth year. The partial nutrient balance over 10 crop seasons for N and P was positive and greater with OF and INM over CF and for K it was positive with OF alone and negative with CF and INM. There were increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years. The sustainability index (SI) of the soil system was maximum with organics (1.63) and CF recorded 1.33, which was just above the minimum sustainability index of 1.30 after 5 years. Thus, organic farming needs more than 2 years to stabilize rice productivity and bring about perceptible improvement in soil quality and sustainability in irrigated rice.     

Improved Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Maize in Response to Inoculation with Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on an Alkaline Soil

Most plant nutrients are optimally available when soil pH is close to neutral. In this experiment the effects of Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake and grain yield of maize were studied on an alkaline soil as a factorial experiment with randomized complete blocks design. Treatments consisted of Mycorrhiza fungi (M): inoculated (m₁) and noninoculated (m₀), Thiobacillus (T): inoculated (t₁) and noninoculated (t₀), and sulfur (S) (S₀, S₁: 250, and S₂: 500 kg ha^?1). Inoculation of Mycorrhiza, Thiobacillus, and S application decreased soil pH and increased grain yield and seed oil content. The lowest soil pH and the greatest S content were obtained from the combination of Thiobacillus and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Inoculation of Thiobacillus and S application significantly decreased root colonization. The greatest iron (Fe) content was in the combination of Mycorrhiza inoculation and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Grain P content significantly increased with Mycorrhiza inoculation and S application. The greatest grain yield obtained from combination of Thiobacillus with 500 kg ha^?1 S.     

基于GIS的黑龙江省拉林河流域土壤侵蚀空间特征分析

以黑龙江省拉林河流域为研究区,利用USLE计算土壤侵蚀模数,并建立了基于GIS的空间栅格数据库。采用地统计分析方法,进行研究区的土壤侵蚀模数空间特征分析。对比现行两种土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,分析确定适用的土壤侵蚀强度分级标准。采用空间和趋势分析方法,进行研究区的土壤侵蚀强度空间分布特征分析。结果表明:（1）研究区的土壤侵蚀模数分布具有强烈的空间相关性,自西向东、由北至南呈线型增大的分布趋势;（2）《黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准标准》中规定的土壤侵蚀强度分级标准适用性更强;（3）研究区的土壤侵蚀面积占总面积的94%,强烈、轻度和中度水力侵蚀为主要的侵蚀强度类型;强烈水力侵蚀主要分布于西部的洪积台地,轻度水力侵蚀主要分布于东部的低山丘陵宽谷,中度水力侵蚀主要分布于中部的地貌过渡带,极强烈和剧烈水力侵蚀主要呈零散状分布于东部的低山丘陵沟壑,中部和西部也有零星分布;随植被覆盖度的降低,土壤侵蚀强度等级自东向西呈增大趋势。     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.