论提升福建省现代农业科技推广应用能力

立足当前福建省农业科技推广工作中存在的投入不足、成果转化率低、优质科技品种缺乏、社会化服务体系仍不健全、科技资源布局配置还不尽合理等问题,从加强农业＂五新＂推广工作、明确农业科技发展重点领域、建设福建特色新型农业科技创新体系等方面入手,提出提升福建省现代农业科技推广应用能力的发展路径与保障措施。     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

Organoclays for controlled release of the herbicide fenuron

Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.     

坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型研究

根据土壤保持原理和系统工程理论及方法，在研究地区坡面林地土壤流失监测资料研究基础上，建立了坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型，利用计算机技术，依据系统内各因子行为模拟土壤流失系统状态。该模型可用于长江三峡地区花岗岩坡面不同林地的土壤流失过程、土壤水分下渗和地表径流过程模拟。一般情况下土壤流失量预测相差在５％以下。     

平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作对苹果连作土壤环境的影响

盆栽条件下研究了葱(Allium fistulosum L.)与平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)混作对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:与连作土对照相比,平邑甜茶与葱混作能促进幼苗株高、地径、鲜样质量、干样质量的增长(分别为对照的1.42倍、1.67倍、3.63倍和2.99倍);提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性(分别为对照的1.58倍、2.74倍、2.41倍和6.79倍);显著提高土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,均表现为混作石灰氮溴甲烷连作土;同时混作土壤中细菌数量为连作对照的2.44倍,放线菌数量为连作土对照的1.79倍,而真菌数量较连作土对照减少了69.4%,土壤中细菌/真菌比值表现为溴甲烷混作石灰氮连作土;提高了土壤真菌的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数,降低了优势度指数;土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量明显减少。平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作,可以减少连作土壤中真菌数量,提高细菌数量,减轻苹果的连作障碍。     

Development of specific PCR primers for identification and detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora capsici</Emphasis> Leon

A PCR-based method was developed for the identification and detection of Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants. Three PCR primers (CAPFW, CAPRV1 and CAPRV2) specific for P. capsiciwere designed based on the sequence of its internal transcribed spacer regions. CAPFW/CAPRV1 amplify a 452 bp product from P. capsici DNA whereas CAPFW/CAPRV2 a 595 bp fragment; neither set amplifies DNA from pepper or several fungi pathogenic to pepper. In conventional (single-round) PCR, the limit of detection was 5 pg DNA for both primer sets, whereas in nested PCR the detection limit for both was of 0.5 fg. However, when the dilution series of target DNA were spiked with plant DNA, amplification declined two-fold in both conventional and nested PCR. The CAPFW/CAPRV2 set in conventional PCR was used to detect P. capsici DNA in inoculated plants. Detection occurred as soon as 8h post-inoculation in stem samples from infected but still symptomless plants. The method was also tested to detect fungal DNA in infected soils.     

Germinate to exterminate: chemical stimulation of Spongospora subterranea resting spore germination and its potential to diminish soil inoculum

Hoagland's solution (HS), a defined nutrient supplement for plants, has been previously reported to stimulate zoospore release from resting spores of the potato pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. This study obtained direct empirical evidence for an increase in zoospore release with HS treatment, and identified Fe‐EDTA as the stimulant component of HS. Stimulation of resting spores by HS and Fe‐EDTA resulted in greater and earlier zoospore release compared to a distilled water control, and in the presence of a susceptible tomato host plant resulted in enhanced root infection. Given the labile nature of S. subterranea zoospores, it was postulated that stimulation of premature release of zoospores from the dormant resting spores in absence of susceptible hosts could reduce soil inoculum levels. In two glasshouse trials in the absence of host plants, both Fe‐EDTA and HS soil treatments reduced S. subterranea soil inoculum levels, providing proof of concept for the ‘germinate to exterminate’ approach to inoculum management.     

黑龙江省东部山区谷地云冷杉林衰退与其生境条件的相关性

对黑龙江省伊春林区的凉水国家级自然保护区的云冷杉林进行了调查。根据pH值、阳离子代换量、营养元素、微生物数量及云杉根部着生小斑块的大小等,分析了黑龙江省东部山区谷地云冷杉林的衰退原因。结果表明:土壤pH值与云杉死亡没有明显关系;土壤阳离子代换量低是云杉死亡的一个因素;云杉衰退与营养元素的吸收及微生物数量无明显关系;云杉的生长与根部着生小斑块的大小存在密切的相关关系,斑块越大,云杉长势越好,生存周期也更长。     

不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响

为探讨不同轮作制度对定西地区农田杂草群落的影响,采用倒置"W"九点取样法,调查了定西地区7种不同轮作制度下田间杂草的种类、数量、地上生物量等。在试验田发现11个科共15种杂草;从杂草发生密度、地上生物量上看,苦苣菜、藜是农田优势杂草,防除的目的杂草;不同轮作田的杂草群落由优势杂草组成;从不同轮作田杂草群落的物种多样性来看,马铃薯胡麻轮作马铃薯小麦轮作胡麻小麦轮作胡麻连作小麦胡麻轮作小麦马铃薯轮作胡麻马铃薯轮作;对不同轮作田杂草群落进行聚类,可分为四类。通过对不同轮作田中杂草的密度、地上生物量和综合优势度比的综合分析,可以看出胡麻连作、小麦胡麻轮作、马铃薯胡麻轮作、小麦马铃薯轮作中杂草的危害性较大。马铃薯小麦轮作、胡麻小麦轮作和胡麻马铃薯轮作对杂草有一定的控制作用。     

Relative importance of seed‐tuber and soilborne inoculum in causing black dot disease of potato

Controlled‐environment and field experiments were done to quantify the individual contribution of seed‐tuber and soilborne inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes in causing black dot disease of potato tubers. Seed‐tuber and soilborne inocula of C. coccodes were quantified using an existing real‐time PCR assay and related to subsequent incidence and severity of disease. In four field trials, a controlled‐environment experiment and through the monitoring of 122 commercial crops, seed‐tuber inoculum was found to be relatively less important than soilborne inoculum in causing black dot, and the level of seed‐tuber inoculum did not significantly affect either the incidence or severity of disease or the percentage of progeny tubers deemed unmarketable. By contrast, soilborne inoculum had the potential to result in high levels of disease and the level of C. coccodes soil infestation (pg DNA g^?1 soil) was found to have a significant effect. At soil infestation levels below 100 pg DNA C. coccodes g^?1 soil, 7% of commercial crops had an incidence of black dot greater than 20%, increasing to 40% and 57% of crops at levels of 100–1000 pg g^?1 and >1000 pg g^?1 soil, respectively. These arbitrary threshold levels for soilborne inoculum related to disease risk are discussed. Interpretation of disease risk based on inoculum levels must, in the future, be informed by agronomic variables and potential control strategies.