Effects of Oyster Shell Soil Amendmenton Fruit Auality and Soil Chemical Properties in Greenhouse Tomato Acidic Soils

[Objective]The aim was to explore the feasibility of applying oyster shell soil amendment for tomato production in order to determine proper quantity of the soil conditional.[Method]Field tests were performed to research effects of the soil conditioner on tomato yield,quality and soil p H.[Result]The results showed that tomato yield increased in the treatment groups with oyster shell soil amendment.The group SC50 increased the most by 16.5%than the control group.Based on normal fertilization,tomato growth was promoted by the soil amendment,and per tomato weight and lycopene content both improved during peak-fruiting period.Besides,soil p H value was enhanced by the soil amendment also.[Conclusion]It can be concluded that the effect was the best when soil conditioner was applied at 750 kg/hm2.     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

Time‐lapse monitoring of soil water content using electromagnetic conductivity imaging

The volumetric soil water content (θ) is fundamental to agriculture because its spatiotemporal variation in soil affects the growth of plants. Unfortunately, the universally accepted thermogravimetric method for estimating volumetric soil water content is very labour intensive and time‐consuming for use in field‐scale monitoring. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have proven to be useful in mapping the spatiotemporal variation of θ. However, depth‐specific variation in θ, which is important for irrigation management, has been little explored. The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between θ and estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ) and to use this relationship to develop time‐lapse images of soil θ beneath a centre‐pivot irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crop in San Jacinto, California, USA. We first measured the bulk apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a – mS/m) using a DUALEM‐421 over a period of 12 days after an irrigation event (i.e. days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12). We used EM4Soil to generate EM conductivity images (EMCIs). We used a physical model to estimate θ from σ, accounting for soil tortuosity and pore water salinity, with a cross‐validation RMSE of 0.04 cm³/cm³. Testing the scenario where no soil information is available, we used a three‐parameter exponential model to relate θ to σ and then to map θ along the transect on different days. The results allowed us to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of θ across the surveyed area, over the 12‐day period. In this regard, we were able to map the soil close to field capacity (0.27 cm³/cm³) and approaching permanent wilting point (0.03 cm³/cm³). The time‐lapse θ monitoring approach, developed using EMCI, has implications for soil and water use and management and will potentially allow farmers and consultants to identify inefficiencies in water application rates and use. It can also be used as a research tool to potentially assist precision irrigation practices and to test the efficacy of different methods of irrigation in terms of water delivery and efficiency in water use in near real time.     

Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.     

我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策

我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。     

大中小型拖拉机压实对土壤坚实度和大豆产量的影响

探讨农业机械压实对土壤坚实度和产量的影响规律，对改善作物生产环境、促进农业机械化向质量型转变具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象，依照随机区组试验原理，选择大、中、小3种型号拖拉机进行6种压实处理，同型拖拉机相同压实次数试验重复3次，采用PV6.08型贯穿阻力仪测量压实轮辙截面土壤坚实度。试验结果表明：土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐递增，3种拖拉机压实测试截面浅层均出现明显压实核，且压实核内土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐增大，CASE-210型拖拉机压实对表层土壤坚实度影响程度和范围最大，压实12次时压实核处土壤坚实度达4.0 MPa，JD-280型拖拉机对深层土壤压实影响程度和范围最大，在65~80 cm的土壤深层坚实度的峰值达3.2 MPa；拖拉机压实均导致大豆产量降低，CASE-210、JD-904和JD-280拖拉机压实12次时大豆产量分别降低了21.24%、18.15%和12.38%。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

广西钦州市菠萝山不同朝向土壤理化性状比较分析

以钦州市钦南区菠萝山为研究对象，采用环刀取土烘干法及混合土样法对不同区域（东南、西南、西北）土壤的理化性状进行分析。结果表明：不同采样区域（东南、西南、西北）土壤含水量和物理性粘粒（＜0.01 mm）差异显著，东南朝向含水量及粘粒含量最高，其次是西南朝向，西北朝向最低；不同采样区域（东南、西南、西北）土壤容重、孔隙度及 pH 值差异不显著。通过该研究表明，山体的不同方向对土壤发育及水土保持有显著影响，人为干扰影响山体土壤良性发展。     

不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响

为了探讨灰枣生长期内不同施肥处理措施对枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响情况,于2014年3月采用不施肥、常规施肥和施用不同种类生物肥共3大类9种处理进行田间试验,并于同年7~10月在灰枣不同生长期测定了各处理区域土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质这4种养分的含量,研究了不同施肥处理下灰枣不同成熟期土壤各养分的动态变化情况。结果表明,不同处理、不同成熟期土壤各养分含量间均有差异,施用生物肥可以显著提高土壤中各养分的含量。