Endosperm Texture in Wheat

One of the fundamental means of classifying wheat is through its endosperm texture. It impacts significantly on the milling process affecting among other things flour particle size and milling yield. Hardness in wheat is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can be affected by the environment and factors such as moisture, lipid, and pentosan content. The principal genetic locus controlling endosperm texture in wheat, Ha, is located on the chromosome 5D. At this locus several genes, notably the puroindolines, have been identified. Puroindolines are the major components of the 15 kDa protein band associated with starch granules that is more abundant in soft wheats than in hard. Recently the puroindolines have been shown to enhance grain hardness in rice. In this review we discuss the structure of hard and soft wheat endosperm with particular emphasis on when differences in endosperm texture can be detected in the developing seed. The role of the environment and other factors that may affect the endosperm texture is also examined together with the role of the puroindoline genes at theHa locus. Finally, we compare endosperm hardness in wheat and in barley.     

大豆菌核病鉴定方法研究进展

大豆菌核病在全球范围内均有发生,由于病原菌寄主范围较广,难于防治,对大豆产量和品质产生严重影响。对于大豆菌核病抗性种质资源的鉴定是抗性机理研究、基因定位及抗病育种工作的重要基础,文章对大豆菌核病资源鉴定中涉及的接种体(菌丝、孢子和菌核)的培养、植株不同部位的接种鉴定、草酸鉴定、茎中可溶性色素水平测定及田间鉴定方法进行了系统的总结和分析,并针对接种体的选择、环境条件对发病的影响及田间与温室鉴定结果不一致等问题展开讨论,为大豆菌核病抗性资源的筛选,菌核病发病机理及抗性基因的定位研究奠定基础。     

基于土壤液化原理的荸荠采收船的研究

荸荠的生长环境特殊,收获仍旧采用传统手工挖掘,劳动效率低,劳动强度大,难以挖净,而薯类收获机械又难以适应水田荸荠的收获,通过对荸荠生长地的土壤成分分析,基于土壤液化原理,搭建了小型实验平台,对荸荠挖掘机理进行了试验模拟。提出了一套适用于水田作物荸荠机械挖掘、筛分的流程,并对挖掘原理进行了实验探究。根据实验数据分析,获得了影响荸荠收获的主要因素。研究表明利用土壤液化原理可以使砂壤土液化,为该原理用于荸荠采收提供依据,为荸荠挖掘机样机的试制提供设计参考。     

基于SPSS软件对水稻育秧土水分测定结果的拟合和修正

现采用TK100多功能水分测定仪对水稻育秧土进行水分测定。通过SPSS21.0软件,以TK100多功能水分测定仪测定的含水率为自变量,实际含水率(烘干法测得育秧土含水率)为因变量进行曲线拟合,并对拟合出的三种方程相关系数R、回归显著性检验的F值以及F值的显著水平P值进行对比分析,得出最优拟合曲线方程y=2.84-0.05x+0.007 25x2。在验证试验中,拟合函数计算出的含水率与烘干法测得的含水率配对t检验结果无显著差异,拟合曲线恰当、准确。     

Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

长期定位监测钾肥施用效果研究

缺钾是水稻土的主要障碍因子之一,合理增施钾肥,既能促进水稻的营养代谢,又能大幅度提高水稻产量。为此本文利用5 a施肥定位监测资料,研究了钾肥在水稻土上的施用效果。结果表明:施用有机肥增施钾肥一般可增产6%左右,不施有机肥增施钾肥一般可增产4.9%左右。增施农肥及氮、磷、钾肥配合使用,才能保证水稻高产稳产。     

CIMMYT玉米种质AC8328BNC1的耐瘠性研究

采用不完全随机区组设计,通过玉米品种和施肥水平两因素试验,对玉米生物学和经济学性状作变异度分析,对小区产量作方差分析和对单位产量作差数百分率分析,以系统鉴定CIMMYT玉米种质AC8328BNC1的耐瘠性.结果表明:①AC8328BNC1具有较强的耐低氮和低磷能力,有良好的丰产性和广泛的适应性,是一个优良的国外玉米种质资源,应加大研究和利用力度;②在低肥力土壤上,更应重视玉米科学合理施肥的重要性和追第二次肥的必要性。     

胡麻测土施用氮肥的研究

通过相关性研究和校验试验表明,内蒙西部平原地区冲积土有效氮的测定,采用1.8N NaoH水解氮的方法是较好的。通过校验试验确定了土壤的肥力指标。根据土壤碱解氮测定值即可获得胡麻氮肥的建议施肥量。     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

玉米的群体光合作用

本文主要阐述了群体光合特性及其影响因素、群体光合速率与子粒产量的关系及高产栽培实践中需注意的问题.文中分析了紧凑型玉米群体结构的光合生产特性和株型的增产原因。