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161.
Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals
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E. G. Moura V. R. A. Macedo V. G. L. Sena L. S. Campos A. C. F. Aguiar 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(4):631-638
Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use. 相似文献
162.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH4 productions and rate and lag time of CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH4 production at all hours of incubation, except for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH4 production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH4 and CO2 productions from these substrates. 相似文献
163.
[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay + silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay + silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12%-41% and 14%-43% of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay + silt content explained 47%-65% and 46%-70%.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay + silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility. 相似文献
164.
我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。 相似文献
165.
大中小型拖拉机压实对土壤坚实度和大豆产量的影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
探讨农业机械压实对土壤坚实度和产量的影响规律,对改善作物生产环境、促进农业机械化向质量型转变具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区耕地土壤为研究对象,依照随机区组试验原理,选择大、中、小3种型号拖拉机进行6种压实处理,同型拖拉机相同压实次数试验重复3次,采用PV6.08型贯穿阻力仪测量压实轮辙截面土壤坚实度。试验结果表明:土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐递增,3种拖拉机压实测试截面浅层均出现明显压实核,且压实核内土壤坚实度随压实次数增加而逐渐增大,CASE-210型拖拉机压实对表层土壤坚实度影响程度和范围最大,压实12次时压实核处土壤坚实度达4.0 MPa,JD-280型拖拉机对深层土壤压实影响程度和范围最大,在65~80 cm的土壤深层坚实度的峰值达3.2 MPa;拖拉机压实均导致大豆产量降低,CASE-210、JD-904和JD-280拖拉机压实12次时大豆产量分别降低了21.24%、18.15%和12.38%。 相似文献
166.
Xiaosha Li Huifang Han Tangyuan Ning Ying Shen Rattal Lal 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(4):585-594
To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO2 was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT. 相似文献
167.
Xinliang Dong Bhupinder Pal Singh Guitong Li Qimei Lin Xiaorong Zhao 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(3):466-477
Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition. 相似文献
168.
169.
不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了探讨灰枣生长期内不同施肥处理措施对枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响情况,于2014年3月采用不施肥、常规施肥和施用不同种类生物肥共3大类9种处理进行田间试验,并于同年7~10月在灰枣不同生长期测定了各处理区域土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质这4种养分的含量,研究了不同施肥处理下灰枣不同成熟期土壤各养分的动态变化情况。结果表明,不同处理、不同成熟期土壤各养分含量间均有差异,施用生物肥可以显著提高土壤中各养分的含量。 相似文献
170.
为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响,本试验共设置5个处理,分别是生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水+深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥+测土配方肥+深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥+测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照),通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥及种植方式相比,不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量,改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%,差异极显著。本试验条件下,木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水+深耕(处理1)。 相似文献