Mineral absorption in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) as compared with the domestic horse

To test whether mineral recommendations for horses are likely to guarantee adequate mineral provision for black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis), we investigated the apparent absorption (aA) of macro- and microminerals in eight black rhinoceroses from three zoological institutions in a total of 32 feeding trials with total faecal collection, with additional data from three unpublished studies (18 feeding trials). Feeds and faeces were analysed for Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Co. The resulting aA coefficients, and the linear relationships of apparently absorbable dietary mineral content to total dietary mineral content [per 100 g dry matter (DM)], were compared with data for domestic horses. Rhinoceroses had significantly higher aA coefficients for Ca and Mg (because of a higher calculated 'true' absorption), and lower ones for Na and K (because of calculated higher endogenous faecal losses). High absorption efficiency for divalent cations is hypothesized to be an adaptation to a natural diet of particularly high Ca:P ratio (approximately 14:1); an effective removal of Ca from the ingesta guarantees sufficient P availability at the fermentation site in the hindgut. Higher faecal losses of Na and K are hypothesized to be linked to a higher faecal bulk per DM intake in black rhinoceroses as compared with horses because of a generally lower digestive efficiency. There were no relevant differences in the absorption patterns of microminerals. In particular, there were no discernable differences in Fe absorption within the rhinoceroses for diets with and without tannin supplementation. Several of the zoo diets assessed in this study were deficient in Cu, Mn or Zn, and most contained excessive levels of Fe when compared with horse requirements. The findings of this study indicate that differences in mineral absorption between occur even between species of similar digestive anatomy; that in particular, Ca absorption might vary between hindgut fermenters with Ca:P ratio in their natural diet; that Na might be a particularly limiting factor in the ecology of free-ranging rhinoceroses; that moderate doses of tannins do not seem to markedly influence mineral absorption; and that diets for captive animals should contain adequate, but not excessive mineral levels.     

硝普钠、24-表油菜素内酯\水杨酸浸种对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用营养液水培,以玉米品种天泰16(TT16)、豫玉18(YY18)为材料,探讨外源硝普钠(NO的外源供体SNP)+2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)/水杨酸(SA)浸种对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果显示,2种外源物组合浸种后,促进了盐胁迫(150mmol/L NaCl溶液)下玉米种子的萌发,以500mg/L 24-表油菜素内酯+硝普钠复合浸种和200mg/L水杨酸+硝普钠复合浸种效果最佳,其发芽率TT16分别比对照增加15%和13%,YY18增加16%和13%;发芽势TT16分别比对照增加24%和22%,YY18增加43%和44%,主根长、芽长及生物量也较对照增加。经外源物质浸种后,盐胁迫下的玉米幼苗长势较好,SOD、POD酶活性相比对照增加显著,MDA含量较少,可溶性糖在200mg/L水杨酸+硝普钠浸种的幼苗中积累最多,分别为对照的4.35倍(TT16)和4.03倍(YY18)。与对照相比,500mg/L EBR+100mmol/L SNP复合浸种和200mg/L SA+100mmol/L SNP复合浸种,玉米种子及幼苗耐盐性增强。     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。     

几种高分子有机肥原料对土壤生物学性质的影响

通过室内模拟培养的方式,研究不同用量(折合有机质含量0.05,0.10 g/kg)的甲壳素、腐殖酸钠和造纸黑液对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:与不施加有机肥原料的处理相比,甲壳素能促进土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性,且高量较低量处理分别增加了13.32％,4.20％,9.63％,21.88％;腐殖酸钠能抑制土壤脲酶活性,促进另外3种酶的活性,且高量处理较低量处理分别增加了6.57％,21.04％,9.82％;黑液处理能显著抑制土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性,而对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响不大,对于过氧化氢酶活性只有高量黑液处理出现显著抑制作用.各有机肥添加剂均能显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,效果以腐殖酸钠最佳,其次为甲壳素,造纸黑液最小;甲壳素和腐殖酸钠均能显著提高土壤放线菌数量,抑制土壤真菌数量,且作用效果强度均为腐殖酸钠高量＞甲壳素高量＞腐殖酸钠低量＞甲壳素低量,造纸黑液对土壤放线菌和真菌的作用刚好与其相反;甲壳素对土壤细菌数量无明显作用,腐殖酸钠出现显著促进作用,而造纸黑液处理在培养初期(5～25 d)出现显著抑制作用.     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

羧甲基纤维素钠对土壤团粒结构及水分运动特性的影响

土壤改良剂的应用研究对改善土壤环境,促进作物生长有着重要意义。该文通过向土壤中添加不同质量的羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose,简称CMC),研究了不同含量的CMC对土壤团粒结构及水分运动的影响。结果表明:随着CMC含量的增大,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增大,土壤分形维数减小,土壤黏粒和粉粒比例减少,砂粒比例增多,黏粒和粉粒均与土壤分形维数呈正相关关系,砂粒与分形维数呈负相关关系,黏粒含量对土壤分形维数影响最为显著,土壤中0.1 mm的颗粒含量减少,而≥0.1 mm的颗粒含量均有不同程度的增加;随CMC含量的增大,土壤的入渗能力减弱,稳定入渗率显著减小,Philip公式中吸渗率减小,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数减小,经验指数增大;随着CMC含量的增大,土壤的持水能力增强,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率、饱和含水率及与进气值相关的系数均有所增大,形状系数逐渐减小。该研究对可为CMC的田间土壤改良应用提供理论依据。     

抑菌处理对发芽糙米污染微生物和主要营养成分的影响

以次氯酸钠和尼森(Nison)杀菌剂及其复配液为处理液,对淮稻6号水稻糙米发芽过程的污染菌及主要营养成分进行了测试。结果表明,质量分数1.5%的Nison和质量分数1%的次氯酸钠均可抑制糙米发芽过程中细菌的生长,而两者混和液的抑菌效果最好,对产品的营养物质转化特别是糖的转化有很好的促进作用。     

氯化钠和氯化钙对玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的影响

通过测定分析玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系在有无氯化钠和氯化钙存在条件下的糊化特性、动态与静态流变学特性,研究氯化钠和氯化钙对玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的影响。结果表明,氯化钠和氯化钙的加入,提高了玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的成糊温度,降低了崩解值和回升值,峰值黏度也略微下降;玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的弹性模量G′值显著减小,黏性模量G″值的频率依赖性较大;氯化钠和氯化钙使玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的假塑性增强,且氯化钙的作用大于氯化钠。     

食用氯化钠替代明矾在马铃薯粉丝(条)中的应用

通过改变马铃薯粉丝(条)生产工艺参数,用食用氯化钠(食盐)替代明矾,达到或超过传统工艺马铃薯粉丝(条)产品所具有的透明、耐煮、不断条、不浑汤、不黏连、口感筋道等特性。