意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平

【目的】探索意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂幼虫日粮的适宜亚硒酸钠水平,为意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫发育阶段硒的营养需要提供依据。【方法】共取1 440只1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫并平均分为两批,每批720只,一批用于化蛹率、羽化率的测定,一批用于理化指标和分子指标的测定。两批幼虫均按单因素完全随机设计分成6组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂亚硒酸钠添加量为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的日粮,每组5个重复,每个重复24只幼虫。取3、5、7日龄幼虫测定体重、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性,取5日龄幼虫测定硒磷酸合成酶(selenide water dikinase,Sel D)、丝氨酰-t RNA合成酶(seryl-t RNA synthetase,Ser Rs)、SECIS-结合蛋白1(SECIS-binding protein 1,Sbp1)、SECIS-结合蛋白2(SECIS-binding protein 2,Sbp2)基因表达量;7日龄时统计化蛹率。【结果】与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-AOC(P0.05),日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.8 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-SOD活性(P0.05),各试验组均显著降低了幼虫的MDA含量(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫的PO活性显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时5日龄幼虫的Sel D、Ser Rs、Sbp1、Sbp2基因表达水平显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫化蛹前体重显著高于对照(P0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2 mg·kg~(-1)时,幼虫化蛹率显著提高(P0.05)。【结论】人工饲养条件下基础日粮硒水平为0.21 mg·kg~(-1)时,根据幼虫化蛹前体重、化蛹率做拟合曲线得出意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫日粮适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平为0.24—0.33 mg·kg~(-1),即意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫的适宜硒水平为0.32—0.36 mg·kg~(-1)。     

艾叶叶绿素锌钠盐的制备及其稳定性研究

以艾叶(Artemisia argyi)为原料,通过超声波辅助提取得到叶绿素,经皂化、酸化、锌代等过程,制得叶绿素锌钠盐,并对其稳定性进行了初探。结果表明,该产品的水溶性较好,具有较好的耐热性,对氧化剂、还原剂不敏感,在p H为5~11的环境中均较稳定,但在光照条件下稳定性差。几种常见的食品添加剂和一些金属离子对叶绿素锌钠盐的影响小,但Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)、柠檬酸和维生素C对叶绿素锌钠盐的稳定性有较大影响。     

2种复合涂膜保鲜剂对哈密瓜软化生理的影响

以1.5%羧甲基壳聚糖和1.5%海藻酸钠为原料制备2种复合涂膜保鲜剂,对哈密瓜进行涂膜贮藏试验,通过测定哈密瓜的硬度、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、果胶酶(PG)、纤维素酶以及脂氧合酶(LOX)等指标,分析2种复合涂膜保鲜剂对延缓哈密瓜软化的效果。结果表明:贮藏35 d时海藻酸钠组和羧甲基壳聚糖组的的硬度分别为0.80和0.71 kg/cm~2,MDA含量为别为1.82和4.80 U/mg,PG活性分别为2.61和3.44U/mg,纤维素酶活性分别为3.92和3.83 U/mg,LOX酶含量分别为5.13和5.74 U/mg。2种复合涂膜都能保持较高的果实硬度,降低哈密瓜的电导率,维持较低的PG酶和纤维素酶活性,降低LOX酶活性,抑制哈密瓜果实软化。     

重金属铊胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系草酸含量与铊吸收的关系

铊(Tl)作为一种非必需、高毒性重金属元素,会干扰植物的正常发育,并在食物链中引起严重的毒性积累.根系分泌有机酸在抗重金属污染中起着重要作用.为研究铊胁迫下的植物根系有机酸分泌特征与重金属吸收的关系,利用水培法对T胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)植株草酸分泌和Tl分布特征进行检测和分析,研究不同抑制剂对水稻...     

Clinical efficacy of diclofenac sodium and flunixin meglumine as adjuncts to antibacterial treatment of respiratory disease of calves

Objective To compare the efficacy of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, diclofenac sodium and flunixin meglumine as adjuncts to the antibiotic treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Procedure We randomly allocated 80 Holstein calves with BRD to three groups. All the calves received a dose of 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin by single subcutaneous injection and two of the groups received, in addition, either 2.5 mg/kg diclofenac sodium as a single intramuscular injection (diclofenac group, n = 30) or 2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine as an intravenous injection on the first three consecutive days after tulathromycin administration (flunixin group, n = 30). All calves were given a clinical score prior to initial treatment (day 0) and after treatment (days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14) by observing appetite, demeanour, rectal temperature, the rate and type of respiration, presence or absence of coughing, and nasal discharge. Results During the first 48 h, improvement of adverse signs of respiratory disease, such as pyrexia and elevated respiratory rate, and of a high clinical index score was significant in the two adjunct groups compared with the calves receiving antibiotic alone. The reduction in pyrexia was greatest in the diclofenac group. There were no statically significant differences between treatment groups with regard to eventual perceived recovery from respiratory disease in 14 days. Conclusion In this trial, a single intramuscular dose of diclofenac sodium was equally effective as three intravenous injections of flunixin meglumine given on consecutive days as adjunctive therapy for BRD.     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

Specificity of polycllonal and monoclonal antibodies for the identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (PCAs and MCAs), produced to whole cells and flagellar extracts ofXanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc), respectively, were tested for specificity. In immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) the three PCAs tested, reacted at low dilutions with all Xcc strains, some other xanthomonads and non-xanthomonads. At higher dilutions most cross-reactivity with non-xanthomonad strains disappeared. However, the cross-reactivity with strains ofX. c. pv.vesicatoria (Xcv),X. c. pv.amoraciae (Xca) andX. c. pv.phaseoli var. fuscans (Xcpf) remained.Six MCA-producing cell clones viz. 20H6, 2F4, 18G12, 10C5, 17C12 and 16B5 were selected for specificity tests with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), IF and a dot-blot immunoassay (DBI). None of the MCAs reacted with all Xcc strains in IF and EIA. In DBI, only MCAs 17C12 and 16B5 reacted with all Xcc strains. All six MCAs tested, cross-reacted in one of either tests with other pathovars ofX. campestris, such as Xcv or Xca. The MCAs were also tested in immunoblotting experiments using total bacterial extracts, cell envelope and flagellar extracts. MCAs 20H6, 2F4, 18G12 and 10C5 reacted with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Xcc. MCAs 16B5 and 17C12 reacted with a 39 kilodalton and a 29 kilodalton protein, respectively.It is concluded that the PCAs and MCAs discussed in this study may be used for routine identification and differentiation of (a group of) Xcc strains. The significance of the cross-reactions with other pathovars ofX. campestris needs to be determined by testing seed lots.     

The induction of 1,3-β-glucanases and other enzymes in groundnut leaves infected with Cercospora arachidicola

Infection of groundnut leaves with the early leaf spot pathogen Cercospora arachidicola leads to a marked increase in extracellular 1,3-β-glucanase activity, limited to the infected tissue. Three isoforms of low molecular weight and extreme pI values, typical of pathogenesis-related proteins, were induced. These β-glucanases, when acting together, were capable of degrading the pathogen cell wall in vitro. Glucanases from homogenates of infected leaf tissue were partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography to give enzymes with molecular weights of 35, 32 and 20 kDa and pI values of 3·8, 3·6 and > 9, respectively. They were electrophoretically identical to the β-glucanases found in the intercellular washing fluid. Treatment of groundnut plants with 200 μM mercuric chloride induced the accumulation of identical extracellular β-glucanases. During the course of the infection an increase in peroxidase activity was also observed, but chitinase activity remained more or less constant.     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Effect of dietary moisture and sodium content on urine composition and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy miniature schnauzers and labrador retrievers

The aim of this series of studies was to evaluate two possible feeding strategies as methods for reducing the risk of calcium oxalate (CaOx) formation in two breeds of healthy dog. The studies compared the effect of dietary moisture (Study 1) and dietary sodium (Na), (Study 2) on urine composition of labrador retrievers (LR) and miniature schnauzers (MS). A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to 16 dogs (eight LR, eight MS; Study 1) and 15 dogs (seven LR, eight MS; Study 2) for 24 days (Study 1), or 36 days (Study 2). The dogs were fed the diet alone (7% moisture, 0.06 g Na/100 kcal), or supplemented with deionised water to 73% moisture (Study 1), or dietary Na, to deliver 0.20 or 0.30 g Na per 100 kcal (Study 2). Urine pH, volume, specific gravity, and concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog. Urinary relative supersaturations (RSS) with CaOx were calculated from these values. The effects of supplemental Na or water were established using t tests (Study 1) or analysis of variance, and multiple range tests (least significant difference) (Study 2); P<0.05 was considered significant. Increasing dietary moisture significantly increased total moisture intake (P=0.001), and reduced urine specific gravity (P=0.003), urinary oxalate concentration (P=0.04), and CaOx relative supersaturation (P=0.04) in the MS. Urinary parameters remained unchanged in the LR, indicating that feeding a high moisture diet may reduce the risk of CaOx formation in high-risk breeds. Increasing dietary Na led to production of urine with a significantly lower CaOx RSS in both breeds, indicating that sodium supplementation to dry diet formats may reduce the risk of CaOx formation. These feeding strategies should be considered when evaluating methods for preventing CaOx formation within high-risk groups.