内蒙农牧交错带家畜品种改良可行性分析——以克什克腾旗经棚镇为例

引入外来品种改良牲畜被作为干旱半干旱地区发展畜牧业的重要手段,但对其在生产基础差、严重依赖自然资源的小农户生产系统中的适用性却缺乏分析,因而,盲目推广改良可能危及牧民生计,进而导致生态破坏。以位于农牧交错带的内蒙古赤峰市克旗的家畜改良为案例,通过入户访谈,在识别其畜牧业生产系统约束条件的基础上,分析了家畜改良的效果、可行性条件及存在的问题。研究表明:在小农户生产系统中,家畜品种改良并不能提高限制性资源的生产率,而且增加了农户面临的生态风险和市场风险,改良是否可行取决于外部环境能否有效地改善其对限制性资源的利用及平衡风险,尤其是提供稳定的饲料和畜产品市场,以及良好的基础设施、技术及金融保障。     

小微企业内部会计控制问题与对策

在经济全球化的影响下，小微企业已成为我国社会经济的主力军，在各个行业都得到了不同程度的发展。同时，内部会计控制已经成为企业内部控制的子系统，在企业中占据着重要的角色，有利于推动企业的经营管理，实现长远发展。文章分析我国目前小微企业内部会计控制存在的问题，在此基础上对存在的问题进行归因分析，并提出了相应的解决办法。     

黑龙江省小城镇发展的策略研究

小城镇化是城市产业结构变迁的发展趋势，城镇化对于加速农村结构转型、转移农村劳动力就业、拉动投资消费具有重要的作用。黑龙江省的小城镇化建设虽然取得了长足的发展和进步，但是在发展过程中仍然存在一些问题，如产业支撑能力薄弱、引发新的结构矛盾、受现行的土地制度制约、受财政体制制约。解决的对策是要实行一元户籍制度模式，实施金融保障城镇化建设体制，有效解决农民失地问题和明确小城镇发展路径。     

谈中小桥采用后张法16m预应力空心板的施工问题

本文阐述了中小桥上部结构采用后张法１６ｍ预应力空心板的施工时应注意的问题，如预应力空心板的预制中底模的施工；侧模、蕊模；砼的要求；浇筑空心板的具体步骤。     

中草药免疫增强剂对鸡小肠T淋巴细胞免疫组化研究

为了探讨中草药免疫增强剂的作用机理,采用组织学常规切片技术和免疫组织化学染色的方法对鸡小肠黏膜淋巴组织中T淋巴细胞的数量分布进行了动态观察.将1日龄60只健康公鸡随机分成2组,一组为对照组,另一组为试验组,试验组按1%浓度的中草药免疫增强剂饮水,连续21 d.在第14天、第21天分别取各组鸡小肠,制成组织切片,进行组织学观察.结果显示,试验组鸡小肠的T淋巴细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表明中草药免疫增强剂对鸡小肠免疫有显著的增强作用.     

玛河流域石河子绿洲农业生态系统整体功能对比分析

本研究以新疆玛河流域石河子绿洲为例,采用三维立体容积法衡量其农业生态系统整体功能状况,并与新疆、全国进行对比分析,结果表明:石河子、新疆、全国农业系统综合效益分别为2.06、1、2.87。石河子绿洲虽然在资源开发维上有一定优势,但在生产功能维、经济增值维方面均处于劣势,而只有三维之间协同作用才能创造最佳的总体功能。今后该区域应该立足资源优势,在结构调整及经济转化方面得以加强。     

Differential effect of nematicide treatments on tuber yields in early- and late-maturing potato cultivars

A 3-year field study examined the effects of 1,3-dichloropropene or oxamyl on tuber yields in four early- and five late-maturing potato cultivars. The nematicide treatments increased total tuber yield by ≈ 12% for early-maturing cultivars, but by less than 2% for the late-maturing cultivars. The treatments reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans ), which were the dominant plant parasitic nematodes at the site. Covariance analysis indicated that treatment effects on total tuber yield were no longer significant after adjusting for root lesion nematodes in soil at harvest, confirming that these nematodes had a direct effect on the host. As expected, there were significant inverse relationships ( P  = 0·05) between total tuber yields and numbers of root lesion nematodes in soil and in roots. However, the application of nematicides in late-maturing cultivars was found to be of no practical value. Crop production systems designed to reduce or optimize pesticide applications can form one criterion in the development of more environmentally sensitive management strategies. The merit of utilizing chemicals for root lesion nematode control are considered with regard to cultivar maturity.     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Comparison of whole blood and plasma potassium concentrations in dogs using the Reflovet system

Background: The Reflovet system is designed for chemical analysis of whole blood. However, plasma or serum is recommended for potassium analysis because of possible interference from RBC potassium. Because RBC potassium concentration is low in most canine erythrocytes, however, there should be little or no interference.
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare potassium results obtained in whole blood and in plasma from dogs using the Reflovet system.
Methods: Blood samples were collected from 104 dogs into lithium-heparin tubes. The potassium concentration was measured in whole blood, and subsequently the PCV was measured. Samples were centrifuged and the potassium concentration was measured in plasma. Comparisons were made using Deming's regression and Bland-Altman difference plots.
Results: There was very good correlation between results of potassium measurements in whole blood and plasma ( r = 0.93). Potassium values were moderately lower in whole blood: Potassium_blood= 0.912 × Potassium _plasma+ 0.119. Hemolysis had a negligible effect on the results, but the difference increased with the PCV value. In more than 90% of samples, the difference between the 2 measurements was ≤ 0.3 mmol/L.
Conclusion: There is only a negligible difference in most cases between potassium values in canine plasma and whole blood using the Reflovet system.     

Use of whole blood for spectrophotometric determination of cholinesterase activity in dogs

Whole blood has been compared with erythrocytes and plasma for spectrophotometric cholinesterase determination in the dog. Cholinesterase activity was characterized using two substrates: acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine. Acetylcholinesterase was the only form of cholinesterase present on erythrocytes and hydrolysed only acetylthiocholine. Butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) was predominant in plasma, hydrolysing mainly butyrylthiocholine. Based on these results, a method based on the use of two substrates (acetylthiocholine for monitoring acetylcholinesterase and butyrylthiocholine for determining butyrylcholinesterase) in the same whole blood sample is recommended for canine cholinesterase analysis. This way of monitoring both enzymes can be easily automated, yielding good within (CVs < 5%) and between-run (CVs < 7%) precision.