Explaining urban governance in the midst of political transformation: The city of Macao

This paper takes a close look at the urban governance and political culture of Macao, the world largest casino city. Macao has experienced spectacular economic growth since gaming liberalisation in 2002 and China's Free Individual Travel scheme launched in 2003. However, the booming gaming sector has crowded out other sectors of Macao. It has not only made the city's economy mono‐structured and consequently extremely vulnerable to external shocks and fluctuations but also induced serious social divisions and political controversies within the local community. By tracing the root cause of the ongoing dilemma and crisis in the mode of governance, the dynamic relationships between formal and informal institutions, consensus politics and the social group culture are intensively discussed in a historical context. In fact, the sustainable development of the former Portuguese colony has largely been hindered by its residents' passive attitudes toward political communication, non‐transparent urban governance, the absence of a middle class and the dominance of pro‐establishment social groups.     

Benefits and risks for Melanesian households from commercialising Canarium indicum

This research note discusses the benefits and risks for Melanesian households arising from attempts to increasingly commercialise Canarium indicum, an edible tree nut indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Qualitative data were generated during workshops and interviews with Canarium industry stakeholders about the impacts associated with a series of interventions designed to encourage further commercialisation of Canarium. The findings are organised according to three dimensions that elucidate the social implications of industry development for local communities: (i) income and growth; (ii) equity; and (iii) voice and choice. Broader distribution of benefits within and between countries, as well as among supply chain actors, requires a stronger policy response at regional (Melanesia) and national scales, equitable gender representation to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities, and delegation of decision‐making power to the appropriate level to facilitate effective community participation and their links with other stakeholders. Thus, it remains to be seen whether Canarium‐related benefits arising from its commercialisation can be sufficiently reliable compared with either other sources of income (e.g. existing employment opportunities for those located near urban areas) or utilising the resource for subsistence purposes.     

近36年藏东“三江”流域农业气候资源变化特征

为了解藏东"三江"流域农业气候资源的变化特征,为政府部门合理利用气候资源提供科学依据。利用藏东"三江"流域1980—2015年逐日气温、降水量、日照时数等资料,应用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法,分析近36年藏东"三江"流域热量、光照、降水资源的变化趋势及对农业生产的影响。结果表明:近36年,藏东"三江"流域年平均气温、日照时数、降水量呈增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.38℃/10 a、22.2 h/10 a、9.4 mm/10 a;流域内各站气温年、季变化趋势一致,日照时数与降水量年、季变化趋势差异较大;降水相对变率春季最大,夏季最小;≥0℃的初日提早、终日推迟,持续日数延长,积温增长。农业气候资源的变化将对藏东"三江"流域农业的发展产生巨大影响。     

温度胁迫下沙葱萤叶甲小热激蛋白基因GdHsp20.6的克隆及表达分析

为明确小热激蛋白在沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica应对温度胁迫中的作用,采用PCR方法克隆沙葱萤叶甲小热激蛋白基因Hsp20（GdHsp20.6）完整的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,应用在线软件对GdHsp20.6基因进行生物信息学分析,通过原核表达技术诱导表达及纯化其编码蛋白,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术分析不同温度胁迫下GdHsp20.6基因的表达量。结果显示,GdHsp20.6基因ORF序列长度为543 bp,编码180个氨基酸,预测分子量为20.6 kD,无跨膜区和信号肽。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列有高度保守的α-结构域。GdHsp20.6氨基酸序列与其它鞘翅目昆虫的Hsp20氨基酸序列有较高的一致性,其中与花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides的Hsp20.99氨基酸序列的一致性最高,为63%。GdHsp20.6基因在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）细胞系中成功表达,经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside,IPTG）诱导后GdHsp20.6蛋白成功表达,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和Western-blot分析表明融合蛋白大小与预测大小一致,并纯化获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白GdHsp20.6。低温（-10~5℃）和高温（35~40℃）处理1 h以及处理后25℃恢复30 min均能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调,并且0℃处理30~120 min也能诱导GdHsp20.6基因表达上调。表明GdHsp20.6基因在沙葱萤叶甲应对低温和高温胁迫中可能起着重要作用。     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

长江流域近期水沙变化趋势及成因分析

采用双累积曲线法分析了2000—2013年长江流域7大水文站水沙变化关系,基于Mann-kendall检验法和Yamamoto突变检验法研究水沙变化趋势和突变年份。结果表明,屏山、朱沱和寸滩站的双累积曲线较为顺直。宜昌、沙市、汉口和大通站则均在2005年发生转折,斜率减小,输沙量大幅减小;长江干流径流量的变化趋势较为平稳,发生突变的现象少,仅屏山站于2001—2002和2005—2006年发生突变,而输沙量的变化趋势则较为明显,常发生强突变现象,且宜昌、沙市、汉口和大通站均无虚假点出现;造成长江干流2000年以来输沙量显著减小的主要原因是三峡水库的蓄水运用和水土保持工作的持续开展,而降雨量下降是导致径流量减小的因素之一。     

小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响及其在低温胁迫下的抗氧化应激效应

本试验分为生长试验和低温胁迫试验2部分.先分别投喂大黄鱼(Larimichthys cro-cea)仔鱼经不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 mL/m3)小肽营养强化后的轮虫和卤虫12 d,以探讨小肽对大黄鱼仔鱼生长和小肠发育的影响;再将大黄鱼仔鱼暴露在温度为12℃的水体中24 h,以探讨小肽对低温胁迫下大黄...     

沂河流域土壤侵蚀分布特征研究

为探索沂河流域土壤侵蚀的强度和规律,利用ArcGIS的空间分析与统计分析功能,从高程、坡度、土壤类型、土地利用4个方面,对沂河流域土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）流域土壤侵蚀总体以中度侵蚀为主,存在较为明显的区域差异;（2）侵蚀主要发生在600 m以下区域,其中高程位于200~400 m之间的区域侵蚀面积最大;（3）5°以下以及8°~15°坡度级土壤侵蚀面积较大,土壤侵蚀随坡度的增加总体都呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势;（4）土壤总面积越大,侵蚀面积也越大。石质土、粗骨土的土壤侵蚀率较高,潮土和砂姜黑土的土壤侵蚀率较低;（5）耕地、草地和林地侵蚀面积最大,林地、草地、未利用地土壤侵蚀率较大,水域土壤侵蚀率最小。     

西安沣河1986-2009年水质时空变化研究

利用1986-2009年的水质监测数据和有关的自然社会经济统计数据,采用有机污染综合指数（A值）和变异系数等方法研究了沣河水质近20年的时空变化,并对影响水质变化的自然社会经济因素进行了探讨。研究发现：①沣河近20年的水质变化可分为缓慢污染、快速污染、污染相持和污染改善4个阶段,2000年是水质变化趋势的转折点;②在水质演变的缓慢污染阶段,上游的水质好于中下游;在水质演变的快速污染与污染相持阶段,水质空间差异巨大,表现为从上游至下游污染明显加重;随着污染的改善,2005年以来,上、中、下游监测断面水质的差别大大缩小,2009年四个断面的水质A值分别为2.90、2.97、2.92、2.86;③工业、农牧业、生活污染是影响水质变化的主要因素,与水文气象因素相关性不明显;④大力压缩造纸厂削减工业污染是水质恶化趋势发生逆转的根本原因,同时农牧业、生活污染的迅速上升趋势受到一定遏制;⑤目前流域主要污染源为生活污水、生活垃圾、农牧业等。