唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

滇中地区小流域治理前后水土流失变化规律的研究

通过生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施对滇中地区典型小流域—王家箐进行综合治理,观测了治理前后气象、水文、土壤侵蚀资料,分析了治理前后试验区降雨与径流、侵蚀之间的关系及变化。结果表明,试验区的水土流失主要集中在5～10月,区内次降雨的径流量、侵蚀量与降雨量和最大30 min雨强乘积的相关性最好,其关系式为一元三次方函数,相关系数在0.956到0.993之间(极显著相关);月径流量、月侵蚀量与月降雨量之间的关系为一元幂函数,相关系数在0.819到0.985之间(极显著相关)。采取生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施相结合的综合治理方式,能有效抑制以坡耕地为主的小流域的水土流失,但不改变流域降雨径流侵蚀函数关系式,只改变其系数。     

滇中地区小流域水土流失治理效应研究

通过生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施对滇中地区典型小流域———王家箐进行综合治理,对治理前后气象、水文、水土流失资料进行观测分析。结果表明综合治理后,试验区径流系数从0.290降到0.06,侵蚀模数从294.28t/(hm2.a)降到9.19 t/(hm2.a),水土流失治理效果显著。治理措施减少水土流失作用主要表现在三个方面:一是提高了降雨产流的最小雨量和最大30 min雨强I30,降雨产流的最小雨量从2.9 mm提高到4.5 mm,最小I30从0.027 mm/min提高到0.067 mm/min,最小PI30从0.077 mm.mm/min提高到0.300 mm.mm/min。二是降低了径流的泥沙含量,治理后的泥沙含量减少65%。三是影响了产流过程,采取水保措施延长了汇流过程,推迟并削减洪峰。选治理前后P,I30相似的降雨,分析其洪水过程表明,治理后产流的洪峰流量和洪量比治理前减少84.2%~92.1%和81.6%~87.5%,涨水速率降低78.6%~91.4%,洪峰和雨峰的间隔时间延长1.5~2倍。     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.     

干旱状况下小区域灌溉冬小麦农田生态系统水热传输

该文采用涡度相关技术测定小区域灌溉冬小麦农田实际蒸散量和农田能量平衡各分量,分析表征农田地表获取能量再分配经典参数Priestly-Taylor系数（α=LE/LEeq）的变化特征。结果表明,在华北地区冬小麦返青至成熟期内,日变化过程中白天时间段内, Priestley-Taylor系数呈“U”型变化趋势,7︰00～18︰00 时刻内,α平均值为（1.324±0.334）,正午前后保持在1.05～1.17之间。 在冬小麦生育期季节变化过程中,Priestley-Taylor系数（α）平均值为（1.473±0.454）,远高于在湿润下垫面时（α＝1.26）的数值,在抽穗开花期内土壤水分充足时α最大值为2.317,拔节时期土壤水分胁迫时α值为0.410。干旱少雨状况下,进行小面积充分灌溉时,由于存在农田热平流现象将导致过多的蒸发蒸腾水分耗散,降低农田灌溉水的利用效率。     

小流域监测评价数据共享平台建设

结合黄河水土保持相关部门数据资源共享存在的问题,通过数据共建共享的模式分析,提出一套数据共享的解决方案和保障措施,并给出小流域监测评价数据共享平台建设的数据共享形式、管理数据库与元数据库的设计方案。     

对小水电、沼气池、省柴灶三个能源工程项目的综合评价

农村能源工程项目的建设不仅具有项目本身的经济效益，而且有更广泛的能源、间接的经济和生态效益。农村能源工程项目的建设除了受资金约束外，还有技术管理等方面的限制，甚至人们的习俗和心理状态都可能是能源工程项目的制约因素。因此，对农村能源工程项目的多种效益和多种制约的综合分析和评价，将使我们能更全面地考虑项目的综合效果，使有限的资金、人力、物力投入到综合效果最好的项目上去。     

小型南瓜棚室高产栽培技术

南瓜品种类型多样,不同品种南瓜高产栽培技术不同,现就小型南瓜品种棚室高产栽培技术进行阐述.     

极小种群植物“川柿”生物学特性及种子萌发方法研究

摘 要：【目的】为了保护和发展极小种群植物川柿,开展此研究。【方法】采用观测法,连续3年对其生物学特性研究;种子萌发方法：（1）后熟0、30、45、60天,剥离清洗播种;（2）后熟60天,以GA300、600、1000 mg/L溶液浸种1h;播种基质为河沙（保持一定湿度）,放置室内,统计萌发时间和出苗率。【结果】（1）川柿花期4-5月,10月为果熟期,单果直径32.7±5.80mm,单果重23.0±5.30g;种子肾形、千粒重1070g;成年植株呈隔年开花、结果现象;（2）种子经“后熟+河沙播种”,可萌发,其中以后熟60天的出苗率较高,为65%;直接播种种子,出苗率5%;“后熟+GA溶液浸种+河沙播种”,出苗率均高于65%,其中以GA600mg/L浸泡1h处理,出苗率最高为83.3%。【结论】极小种群植物川柿为常绿叶乔木,有隔年开花、结果现象; “果后熟60天+GA600mg/L浸泡种子1h +室内河沙播种”可提高种子萌发率,为川柿种子繁殖提供参考。     

Effects of testosterone on rat placental development

We investigated the morphological effects of testosterone on placental development in a rat model of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Testosterone propionate (TP), which was subcutaneously administered to pregnant rats with 5 mg/animal from gestation day (GD) 14 to GD 18, induced a maternal weight reduction without mortality or clinical signs from GD 19 onwards. A decrease in fetal and placental weight, an increase in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) rates, and histological changes in the placenta were observed on GD 21 but not on GD15 or 17. Histopathologically, on GD 21, the trophoblast septa thickened, and the maternal sinusoids were narrowed in the labyrinth zone, resulting in a small placenta. Additionally, the placental weight, thickness, and histological morphology in the labyrinth zone on GD 21 in the TP-treated group were nearly identical to those on GD 17 in the control and TP-treated groups. Therefore, it was assumed that the testosterone-induced small placenta was induced in association with the developmental inhibition of the fetal part of the placentas from GD 17 onwards.