处理下彩叶草体内元素含量分布及相关性分析

以彩叶草为试材,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度Se(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mg·L^-1)处理下彩叶草各器官中矿质元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)和重金属元素(Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Se)含量分布及其相关性。结果表明:Se处理明显改变了根茎叶中矿质元素和重金属的含量及其在植物体内的分布,K和Ca总量在各器官中的顺序是茎>叶>根,Fe和Mn为根>叶>茎,Zn为叶>茎>根;低浓度Se(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg总量在各器官中的顺序分别是根>茎>叶和叶>根>茎;高浓度Se(≥1.0 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg元素的顺序则分别为茎>根>叶和叶>茎>根。重金属元素Cr和Cd总量在各器官中的顺序是根>茎>叶;Pb总量在各器官中的顺序是根>叶>茎。相关性分析表明:(1)彩叶草根中Se含量与As、Pb含量呈显著正相关(P <0.05或0.01),与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中呈正相关与负相关元素个数相当且基本呈一个复杂的网状结构;(2)茎中Se含量与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单网状结构;(3)叶中Se含量与Ca含量呈显著负相关(P <0.05),与K、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单直线结构。     

激素处理对杜鹃花自交与杂交种子萌发的影响

杜鹃花种子细小且发芽率低,为探索有效促进种子萌发的方法,选用杜鹃花主栽品种春鹃紫蝴蝶自交种子为材料,通过蒸馏水浸种、GA₃浸种和无菌播种添加NAA、KT、ZT及GA₃的处理方式,比较不同处理对杜鹃花自交种子萌发时间、发芽率等指标的影响。结果表明,蒸馏水浸种处理以24 h浸种的效果最佳,发芽率达43%;无菌播种结合2.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA处理的效果最佳,发芽率达75%;GA₃浸种以1 600 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理24 h的效果最佳,发芽率可达82%,是对照组的1.82倍。以GA₃浸种法处理杜鹃花2个杂交组合的杂交种子,发现其各项发芽指标均优于对照,其中29号杂交种子的最适GA₃处理为1 200 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率达96%;59号杂交种子最适GA₃处理为1 600 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率可达95%,二者发芽率分别比对照提高20%和71%,萌发时间分别提早2和8 d。因此,适宜浓度尤其是高浓度GA₃浸种处理能有效促进杜鹃花自交和杂交种子的萌发。     

缓释氧肥对花铃期棉花涝害的缓解效果初探

在湖北江汉平原地区,棉花花铃期降水较多,棉田易遭受雨涝危害,对棉花生长和产量影响较大。为探索有效缓解棉花涝害的措施,根据棉花花铃期受重涝危害的情形,模拟棉田淹水5~10 cm持续10 d,设置T1、T2两个处理,其中T1处理为受涝前不施用缓释氧肥,T2处理则于受涝前2 d每株穴施2 g缓释氧肥,涝后观察棉花生长并测定相关生理指标,成熟季节实收计产,同时以正常管理未受涝害的棉花为对照。结果表明:涝前施入缓释氧肥能显著增加受涝棉花的株高,抑制过氧化物酶活性过度升高,减少丙二醛的累积;T1处理的棉花产量为对照的43.31%,T2处理的棉花产量为对照的50.94%,可见,涝前施入缓释氧肥可显著缓解棉花涝害,减少产量损失。     

缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累分配的影响

明确缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累和分配的影响及其对产量形成的作用。以‘苏玉29’‘、苏玉30’为材料,采用裂区设计,设置7个缓释肥水平（N0、270、315、360、405、450、495kg/hm²）,研究夏玉米氮素积累和分配在不同处理下的变化趋势。结果表明：随着缓释肥施用量增加,两品种（‘苏玉29’、‘苏玉30’）氮素积累量与氮素利用效率均呈单峰变化趋势,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,且‘苏玉29’氮素利用率显著高于‘苏玉30’。百千克籽粒需氮量随缓释肥施用量增加先升后降,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,而每千克氮生产籽粒量的变化规律相反。随着施氮水平提升,玉米偏生产力降低。最高产处理下,茎、叶、鞘氮素转移率和对籽粒产量的贡献率显著高于其他处理。回归分析表明,成熟期叶片中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉29’高产,苞叶和穗轴中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉30’高产。在本实验条件下,两品种在N405kg/hm²时产量最高,氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和百千克籽粒需氮量最高,茎、叶、鞘的氮素转移率及其对产量的贡献率较高。     

"920"处理对水稻eA系种子耐贮藏性研究

用不同尝试的“920”对含euil基因的水稻长穗颈不育系（eA系）与不含该基因的不育系（A系）进行处理,收获种子储藏6个月、9个月和12个月后分别测试发芽率的发芽势。结果表明,无论eA系和A系,其种子储藏时间不超过9个月时,发芽率、发芽势不发生显著变化;储藏时间达1a(12个月）时,个别浓度处理间或材料间开始出现显著差异。但喷施“920”不会eA系种子发芽率和发芽势,个别浓度处理还有提高发芽率和发芽势的趋势。     

缓释复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪消化道酸度及肠道功能的影响

本试验选用28 R龄断奶、平均体质量(7.00±0.10)kg的长白猪(♂)×大白猪(♂)二元杂交仔猪64头,按单因索试验设计原则,研究在玉米一豆粕一膨化大豆型基础日粮中添加不同类型(包被未包被)复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪胃肠道酸度、生产性能、肠组织形态、消化酶活性、肠道微生物菌群及肠黏膜抗体SIgA的影响.试验设4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4头猪(公母各半),饲养试验时间为35 d.结果表明,微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂可以极显著降低断奶仔猪胃和小肠pH(P＜0.01);极显著提高空肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值(P＜0.01);断奶前期,显著提高小肠蔗糖酶和乳糖酶活性(P＜0.05);断奶后期,极显著提高仔猪盲肠和结肠中乳酸杆菌数量,降低大肠杆菌数量(P＜0.01);微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂还有增加仔猪肠黏膜抗体SIgA分泌量的趋势(P＞0.05).结果提示,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂,可以通过降低肠道pH,优化肠道微生物区系,改善肠组织形态和功能,从而提高断奶仔猪肠道的消化力和适应性,并促进仔猪生长.     

Assessing soil erosion after fire and rehabilitation treatments in NW Spain: Performance of rusle and revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney models

Although the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) are well‐known models, not much information is available as regards their suitability in predicting post‐fire soil erosion in forest soils. The lack of information is even more pronounced as regards post‐fire rehabilitation treatments. This study compared the soil erosion predicted by the RUSLE and the revised MMF model with the observed values of soil losses, for the first year following fire, in two burned areas in NW of Spain with different levels of fire severity. The applicability of both models to estimate soil losses after three rehabilitation treatments applied in a severely burned area was also tested. The MMF model presented reasonable accuracy in the predictions while the RUSLE clearly overestimated the observed erosion rates. When the R and C factors obtained by the RUSLE formulation were multiplied by 0·7 and 0.865, respectively, the efficiency of the equation improved. Both models showed their capability to be used as operational tools to help managers to determine action priorities in areas of high risk of degradation by erosion after fire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of three silvicultural treatments on growth,light-energy processing,and related needle-level adaptive traits of Pinus strobus from two regions

Our goal was to quantify and compare the impact of three silvicultural treatments (STs) on growth, light-energy processing, and needle-level morphological adaptive traits for eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) from large, central Ontario (ON) and small, isolated Newfoundland (NL) populations. The interest in STs is to reduce weevil (Pissodes strobi) incidence; however, there are potential adaptive changes and productivity trade-offs. The light levels for the STs were, on average, 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively. After 8 years, overall height growth was 4.10, 3.25, and 1.70 m for full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Across all STs, ON populations had greater total height (14%), basal diameter (12%), current leader length (25%), and tree volume (49%) than NL populations (all P < 0.001). At low light levels (10 and 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), high-shade ST trees had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower chlorophyll fluorescence (F_pc) compared with intermediate-shade and full-sun STs. At 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and beyond, full-sun ST trees had higher qP and lower F_pc than intermediate- and high-shade STs. Average total chlorophyll concentration (CHL) and content (CHLC), and carotenoid concentration (CAR), increased in response to the intermediate-shade ST but did not respond further, or decreased in the high-shade ST. Region was significant for CHL, CAR, chlorophyll a:b and CHL:CAR ratios and CHLC, with ON greater than NL, but was reversed for CHL:CAR ratio. Tree height and volume showed a curvilinear and linear relationship to light level, respectively. Tree height showed a positive linear relationship to qP, apparent photosynthesis, chlorophyll a:b ratio, and needle N (all P < 0.001). Tree height showed a negative linear relationship to F_pc, CHL:CAR ratio, specific needle area, C:N ratio, and needle area N⁻¹ (all P < 0.001). There were modest trade-offs between weevil protection and productivity in the intermediate ST due to the compensatory physiological and morphological adaptations to the limiting light, however, the trade-off with growth at the high-shade level was severe. For NL, consideration should now be given to the introduction and mixing of seed from local seed sources with more southern mainland seed sources, which would decrease the inbreeding effect and provide wider variation for natural selection for a more fit future population.     

Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop trees in a tropical dry forest

Silvicultural treatments are often needed in selectively logged tropical forest to enhance the growth rates of many commercial tree species and, consequently, for recovering a larger proportion of the initial volume harvested over the next cutting cycle. The available data in the literature suggest, however, that the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree growth is smaller in dry forests than in humid forest tree species. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates of future crop trees (FCTs; i.e., trees of current and potentially commercial timber species with adequate form and apparent growth potential). The study was carried out in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia where a set of 21.25-ha plots were monitored for 4 years post-logging. Plots received one of four treatments that varied in intensity of both logging and silvicultural treatments as follows: normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture; and, unlogged controls. The silvicultural treatments applied to FCTs involved liberation from lianas and overtopping trees. Results showed that rates of FCT stem diameter growth increased with light availability, logging intensity, and intensity of silvicultural treatments, and decrease with liana infestation degree. Growth rate increment was larger in the light and intensive silvicultural treatment (22–27%). Long-lived pioneer species showed the strongest response to intensive silviculture (50% increase) followed by total shade-tolerant species (24%) and partial shade-tolerant species (10%). While reduced-impact logging is often not sufficient to guarantee the sustainability of timber yields, application of silvicultural treatments that substantially enhanced the growth rates of FCTs will help move the management of these forests closer to the goal of sustained yield.     

机械活化醋酸酯淀粉包膜缓释尿素的制备

采用浇铸法制备醋酸酯淀粉膜,研究了取代度、铸膜液溶剂种类、铸膜液质量体积分数和铸膜液温度对膜性能的影响.采用物理法制备包膜尿素,以淋溶法对包膜尿素的释放特性进行评价.结果表明,机械活化玉米醋酸酯淀粉成膜性能好.是良好的缓释包膜剂;包膜尿素淋溶9次后尿素总溶出率为53.74%.比普通尿素总溶出率降低43.44个百分点.说明用机械活化醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素后,对尿素态氯释放有明显的缓释放作用.